Table 2 Factors (crude and adjusted odds ratios, confidence intervals, and p value) associated with geriatric depression among elderly at North Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 822)

Age

 60–69

1

1

 70–79

1.58 (1.13,2.19)

1.30 (0.89,1.90)

 80–89

4.17 (2.80,6.22)

3.22 (2.05,5.03)

 ≥ 90

5.59 (2.82,11.07)

3.62 (1.69,7.75)

Sex

 Male

1

1

 Female

1.04 (0.78,1.37)

1.38 (0.98,1.93)

Marital status

 Single

3.83 (2.84,5.16)

1.67 (1.12,2.50)

 Married

1

1

Educational status

 No formal education

1.98 (1.46,2.68)

1.79 (1.06,2.20)

 Formal education

1

1

Number of children

 No children

2.01 (1.41,2.87)

1.00 (0.50,2.00)

 One child

2.32 (1.40,1.93)

1.62 (0.86,3.04)

 Two children

1.34 (0.92,1.93)

1.02 (0.64,1.63)

 Three and above children

1

1

Source of income

 Retirement

1

1

 Helped by family

2.10 (0.98,4.49)

1.39 (0.57,3.40)

 Farmers

0.45 (0.22,0.93)

0.52 (0.22,1.23)

 Merchant

0.21 (0.08,0.58)

0.32 (0.10,1.00)

 No income/NGO support

1.78 (0.88,3.61)

1.48 (0.67,3.30)

Living status

 Alone

2.47 (1.86,3.28)

1.58 (1.05,2.26)

 With family/relatives

1

1

Social support

 No

0.33 (0.24,0.45)

0.55 (0.38,0.80)

 Yes

1

1

Chronic illness

 No

1

1

 Yes

2.30 (1.65,3.21)

2.27 (1.50,3.44)

Current substance use

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.41 (0.31,0.55)

0.70 (0.48,1.02)