Table 1 Graphical representation of findings about PDs and violence as a function of intuitiveness

Findings about PDs as a function of intuitiveness

a. PDs or dysfunctional personality traits increasing the risk of negative outcomes [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33, 36, 38, 42, 92,93,94,95,96,97]

b. Functional (positive) personality traits leading to positive outcomes [34, 35, 37, 92,93,94]

No change in clinical severity [26]

Decline in hospital visits [40, 41]

Anxiety was correlated to agreeableness in hospital personnel [39]

Findings about Violence as a function of intuitiveness

Findings confirming an expected outcome [46,47,48,49, 51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59, 61, 63,64,65,66,67,68, 70,71,72,73,74, 80,81,82,83,84, 89, 91]

Findings reporting no change during COVID-19; Findings not discussible in terms of expected outcome [60, 68, 79, 82, 86, 87, 90]

Findings demonstrating the opposite of an expected outcome [69, 75, 76, 78, 85, 88, 89]