From: Cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 Lebanese patients with schizophrenia
 | Patients having COVID-19 (n = 71) | Patients without COVID-19 (n = 24) | Repeated-measures ANOVA | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time effect | Group (COVID-19 positive vs negative) effect | Interaction (group x Time) | ||||||||||||
Before COVID-19 period | After COVID-19 period | t | p–value | Before COVID-19 period | After COVID-19 period | t | p-value | p | Effect size (n2) | p | Effect size (n2) | p | Effect size (n2) | |
Mean ± SD [95% CI] | Mean ± SD [95% CI] | Mean ± SD [95% CI] | Mean ± SD [95% CI] | |||||||||||
Cognitive function | ||||||||||||||
 BACS (global score) | −2.93 ± 1.25 [−3.23;−2.63] | −3.20 ± 1.37 [−3.52;−2.87] | 2.70 | 0.009 | −2.91 ± 1.20 [−3.42;−2.41] | −3.16 ± 1.04 [−3.60; −2.72] | 1.16 | 0.256 | 0.749 | 0.001 | 0.046 | 3.59 | 0.409 | 0.008 |
 Verbal memory (List learning) | −2.22 ± 1.05 [−2.47;−1.97] | −1.57 ± 1.55 [−1.93;−1.20] | −4.18 |  < 0.001 | −2.06 ± 0.96 [−2.47;−1.65] | −1.59 ± 1.15 [−2.08;−1.10] | −2.19 | 0.039 | 0.416 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 3.55 | 0.920 | 0.001 |
 Working memory (Digit sequencing) | −1.86 ± 1.26 [−2.16;−1.56] | −2.43 ± 1.60 [−2.81;−2.05] | 4.55 |  < 0.001 | −1.97 ± 1.23 [−2.49;−1.45] | −2.11 ± 1.40 [−2.70;−1.52] | 0.54 | 0.592 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.047 | 3.53 | 0.081 | 0.037 |
 Motor speed (Token motor task) | −2.46 ± 1.11 [−2.72;−2.20] | −3.21 ± 1.20 [−3.50;−2.92] | 4.99 |  < 0.001 | −2.58 ± 1.03 [−3.01;−2.14] | −3.28 ± 1.07 [−3.73;−2.82] | 2.66 | 0.014 | 0.958 | 0.001 | 0.301 | 1.94 | 0.385 | 0.009 |
 Verbal fluency (Semantic, alphabetical) | −1.56 ± 0.97 [−1.79;−1.33] | −1.49 ± 1.07 [−1.74;−1.23] | −1.05 | 0.298 | −1.44 ± 0.89 [−1.82;−1.06] | −1.45 ± 0.81 [−1.80;−1.11] | 0.08 | 0.935 | 0.341 | 0.011 | 0.093 | 3.03 | 0.682 | 0.002 |
 Attention and speed of information processing (Symbol coding) | −2.39 ± 1.27 [−2.69;−2.09] | −2.61 ± 0.99 [−2.85;−2.38] | 2.68 | 0.009 | −2.43 ± 0.76 [−2.76;−2.11] | −2.57 ± 0.85 [−2.93;−2.21] | 0.79 | 0.435 | 0.694 | 0.002 | 0.149 | 2.61 | 0.548 | 0.004 |
 Executive function (Tower of London) | −2.28 ± 2.07 [−2.77;−1.79] | −2.61 ± 2.00 [−3.08;−2.14] | 1.64 | 0.106 | −2.08 ± 1.89 [−2.88;−1.28] | −2.46 ± 1.99 [−3.30;−1.62] | 1.47 | 0.155 | 0.111 | 0.031 | 0.080 | 3.07 | 0.570 | 0.004 |