Table 3 Non-psychiatric causes of catatonia

Electrolyte imbalances

Hepatic encephalopathy

Uremia

Endocrine disorders (thyroid disorders, Addison's disease, parathyroid disorders)

Autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis)

Infections (encephalitis, neurosyphilis)

Neurological conditions (Parkinson disease, cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors)

Others (drugs, B12 vitamin and folic acid deficiencies, brain hypoxia)