Table 1 Notable Mendelian randomization studies in MDD
From: Mendelian randomization studies of depression: evidence, opportunities, and challenges
Exposure | Outcome | Primary ancestry | No. of SNPs | Source | N | Estimate(95% CI) | P | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking initiation | MDD | European | 20 | UK Biobank | 249, 171 | 0. 324(CI 0. 128–0. 519) | 0. 001 | Barkhuizen et al., [12]2021 |
Smoking | MDD | European | 378 | GSCAN | 599, 289 | 1. 99(CI 1. 71–2. 32) | 0. 001 | Wootton et al., [13] |
Smoking initiation | MDD | European | 353 | GSCAN | 1, 232, 091 | 1. 38(CI 1. 31–1. 45) | 2. 3 × 10−38 | Yuan et al., [14]2020 |
Lifetime Smoking | MDD | European | 126 | UK Biobank | 462,690 | 2. 01(CI 1. 71–2. 37) | 0. 001 | Galan et al., [15] |
Smoking | MDD | Norwegian | 56,664 | HUNT | 53, 601 | 1.02 (CI 0.98–1.06) | 0. 312 | Bjørngaard et al., [16] |
Smoking | MDD | European | 1882 | ALSPAC | 6294 | 0.94 (CI 0.84–1.05) | 0.25 | Lewis et al., [17] |
Alcohol consumption | MDD | East Asian | Unclear | CCGS | 476 |  − 0.127 (CI: − 0.253, − 0.001) | 0. 048 | Zhu et al., [20] |
Alcohol consumption | MDD | East Asian | Unclear | BeTwiSt | 1,608 | F = 1.39 | 0. 24 | Chao et al., [21] |
Carbohydrate intake | MDD | European | 7 | SSGAC | 268, 922 | 0. 42 (CI 0. 28 -0. 62) | 1. 49 × 10−5 | Yao et al., [24] |
Beef intake | MDD | European | 9 | PGC, UKBB | 449, 210 | −1. 252 | 0. 036 | Chen et al., [27] |
Cannabis use | MDD | European | 19 | UK Biobank | 126, 291 | 1. 016 (CI 0. 994–1. 037) | 0. 147 | Hodgson et al., [29] |
Accelerometer-based activity | MDD | European | 9 | UK Biobank, PGC | 611, 583 | 0. 74 (CI 0. 59–0. 92) | 0. 006 | Choi et al., [31] |
Morningness | MDD | European | 268 | UK Biobank | 451, 025 | 0. 92 (CI 0. 88–0. 97) | Unclear | O'loughlinet al, [35] |
Education level | MDD | European | 663, 178 | UK Biobank | 170,756 | 0. 78 CI (0. 74–0. 83) | 5. 21 × 10–19 | Yuan et al., [38] |
Education attainment | MDD | European | 365 | UK Biobank | 142, 646 | 0. 72 (CI 0. 64–0. 80) | 2. 06 × 10–9 | Cai et al., [39] |
Living with a partner Parents of 1 child Parents of 3 children | MDD | European | 51 | UK Biobank | 52, 078 | 0. 67 (CI 0. 62–0. 74) 1. 17 (CI 1. 07–1. 27) 1. 11 (CI 1. 03–1. 20) | Unclear | Giannelis et al., [43] |
S-25OHD | MDD | European | 6 | PGC | 59, 851 | 1. 02 (CI 0. 97–1. 08) | 0. 44 | Michaëlsson et al., [47] |
S-25OHD | TRD AD | European | 110 | UK Biobank | 1,981 2,101 | 1. 12(CI: 0. 78–1. 31) 1. 04 (CI 0. 80–1. 36) | 0. 567,396 | Arathimos et al., [48] |
S-25OHD | DS BD | European | 6 | SUNLIGHT | 79,366 | B = 0. 025, SE = 0. 038 B = 0. 020, SE = 0. 012 | 0. 52 0. 10 | Libuda et al., [49] |
S-25OHD | MDD | European | 6 | SUNLIGHT,UK Biobank,PGC | 79,366 | 0. 97(CI 0. 90–1. 05) | 0. 67 | Mulugeta et al., [50] |
TG | DS DSH | European | 72 223 | UK Biobank | 188,577 480, 359 | 0. 0346(CI 0. 0114–0. 0578) 2. 514(CI 1. 579–4. 003) | 3. 48 × 10−3 1. 02 × 10−4 | So et al., [51] |
Omega-6:omega-3 | MDD | European | 18 | UK Biobank | 29,757 | B = 0. 062, SE = 0. 026 | 0. 031 | Davyson et al., [53] |
1-Linoleoyl glycerophosphoethanolamine | MDD | European | Unclear | KORA F4 Twins | 75 607 | 1.23(CI 1.09–1.38) | 0.01 | Yang et al., [54] |
EPA DHA | MDD | European | 106 | ALSPAC | 3,397 | 1. 07(CI 0. 99–1. 15) 1. 08(CI 0. 98–1. 19) | 0. 083 0. 102 | Sallis et al., [55] |
CRP | MDD | European | Unclear | UK Biobank | 147, 478 | 06(CI 1. 05–1. 08) | 0.001 | Milaneschi et al., [60] |
IL-6 | MDD | European | Unclear | PGC | 135,458 | 1. 08(CI 1. 03–1. 12) | 0.017 | Perry et al., [61] |
CRP IL-6 | MDD | European | 128 | UK Biobank | 204,402 500,199 | (genetic correlation range, 0. 152–0. 362),SE = 0. 035 | 0. 001 0. 01 | Kappelmann et al., [62] |
IL-6 | MDD | European | Unclear | UK Biobank | 89, 119 | 1. 023(CI 1. 006–1. 039) | 0. 006 | Kelly et al., [63] |
CRP | MDD | European | Unclear | DPR | 78, 809 | 1. 28(CI 1. 23–1. 33) | 0.001 | Palmos et al., [64] |
CRP | MDD | Danish | 4 | CGPS | 78, 809 | 0.79(CI 0.51–1. 22) | 0.03 | Wium et al., [65] |
Brain proteins | MDD | European | 1,468 | dPFC | 307,353 | Unclear | Unclear | Wingo et al., [66] |
AAM | MDD | European | 360 | UK Biobank | 807, 553 | 0. 96(CI 0. 94–0. 98) | 0. 0003 | Hirtz et al., [68] |
Hippocampal volume | MDD | European | 731, 536 | UK Biobank | 24,048 | 0. 98(CI 0. 95–1. 01) | 0. 0850 | Wigmore et al., [71] |
DCC | MDD | European | 3,725,946 | PGC,UK Biobank | 170,756 | Unclear | Unclear | Li et al., [72] |
TL | MDD | European | 155 | UK Biobank | 1,628 |  − 0. 007(CI −0. 044–0. 029) | 0. 700 | Michalek et al., [74] |
Bacilli class | MDD | European | Unclear | PGC,UK Biobank | 2,076 | 1. 07(CI 1. 02–1. 12) | 0. 010 | Zhuang et al., [76] |
BMI | MDD | European | 35 | PGC,UK Biobank | 480, 000 | 0. 17(SD 0. 03) | 1.0 × 10−7 | Speed et al., [80] |
BMI | MDD | European | 73 | PGC | 48 791 | 1.18(CI 1. 09–1. 28) | 0. 00007 | Tyrrell et al., [81] |
BMI | MDD | European | 31 | UK Biobank | 2450 | 1.96(CI 0.03–3.90) | 0.047 | Jokela et al., [83] |
BMI | MDD | European | 321 | MoBa | 40, 949 | 0.26(CI −0.01–0.52) | 0.060 | Hughes et al., [84] |
BMI | MDD | European | 6 | UK Biobank | 339, 224 | 0.017 ~ 0.050 | 0.040 | He et al., [85] |
BMI | MDD | European | Unclear | CoLaus|PsyCoLus | 3,350 | SE = 0.23 | 0.004 | Pistis et al., [86] |
BMI | MDD | European | 32 | GENDEP | 811 | 70.3(CI 70.18–0.13) | 0.73 | Hung et al., [87] |
T2D | MDD | Chinese | 34 | Communities | 11,506 | 1.21( CI 1.07–1.37) | 0.0003 | Xuan et al., [90] |
T2D | MDD | Scotland | 11 | SFHS | 19,858 | rG = 0.0278 | 0.79 | Clarke et al., [91] |
MS | MDD | European | 102 | PGC, UK Biobank | 246, 363 | 1.00(CI 0.99–1.01) | 0.51 | Harroud et al., [95] |
AD | MDD | European | Unclear | UK Biobank | 10,788 | 1.004 | 0.5681 | Baurecht et al., [102] |
JIAU | MDD | European | 8 | UK Biobank | 807,553 | 1.001(CI 0.997–1.006) | 0.581 | Zhang et al., [104] |