From: Hearing impairment and cognitive function among a community-dwelling population in Japan
 | Total, n = 846 | Hearing impairment | ANOVA P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | None (-24 dB), n = 527 | Mild (25-39 dB), n = 265 | Moderate to severe (-40 dB), n = 54 |  |
Age | 63.9 ± 8.3 | 61.3 ± 7.4 | 67.3 ± 7.9a | 72.6 ± 6.7a | < 0.001 |
Amount of education | 10.8 ± 2.2 | 11.3 ± 2.0 | 10.1 ± 2.2a | 9.1 ± 2.2a | < 0.001 |
MMSE score | 27.8 ± 2.6 | 28.3 ± 2.1 | 27.1 ± 2.8a | 25.6 ± 3.5a | < 0.001 |
CES-D score | 9.7 ± 6.1 | 9.5 ± 6.1 | 10.0 ± 6.3 | 10.0 ± 5.3 | 0.536 |
Apathy scale score | 13.9 ± 6.3 | 13.4 ± 6.2 | 14.6 ± 6.5a | 15.2 ± 6.4b | < 0.05 |