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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the subjects

From: Hearing impairment and cognitive function among a community-dwelling population in Japan

 

Total, n = 846

Hearing impairment

ANOVA P value

  

None (-24 dB), n = 527

Mild (25-39 dB), n = 265

Moderate to severe (-40 dB), n = 54

 

Age

63.9 ± 8.3

61.3 ± 7.4

67.3 ± 7.9a

72.6 ± 6.7a

< 0.001

Amount of education

10.8 ± 2.2

11.3 ± 2.0

10.1 ± 2.2a

9.1 ± 2.2a

< 0.001

MMSE score

27.8 ± 2.6

28.3 ± 2.1

27.1 ± 2.8a

25.6 ± 3.5a

< 0.001

CES-D score

9.7 ± 6.1

9.5 ± 6.1

10.0 ± 6.3

10.0 ± 5.3

0.536

Apathy scale score

13.9 ± 6.3

13.4 ± 6.2

14.6 ± 6.5a

15.2 ± 6.4b

< 0.05

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD.
  2. aIndicates a significant difference (P < 0.05) from no hearing impairment group.
  3. bIndicates a statistical trend with no hearing impairment group (P < 0.10).
  4. ANOVA = analysis of variance; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.