Table 1 PTSD Prevalence and HTQ total score
From: Gender, trauma type, and PTSD prevalence: a re-analysis of 18 nordic convenience samples
Study * | Exposure N | Prevalence of PTSD N (%) | PTSD M (SD) effect size | HTQ total M (SD) effect size | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | d | r | Male | Female | d | r | |
Disaster and accidents | 960 | 1435 | 2395 | 139 (14.5) | 476 (33.2) | 615 (25.7) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | −0.45 | −0.22 | 49.1 (17.4) | 63.5 (16.9) | −0.84 | −0.39 |
Earthquake victims [5] | 33 | 40 | 73 | 3 (9.1) | 6 (15.0) | 9 (12.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.18 | −0.09 | 42.7 (14.1) | 48.0 (13.1) | −0.39 | −0.19 |
Explosion affected residents [6] | 233 | 236 | 469 | 18 (7.7) | 41 (17.4) | 59 (12.6) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.29 | −0.15 | 46.3 (11.5) | 53.4 (13.5) | −0.57 | −0.27 |
Rescue personnel at explosion [7] | 398 | 28 | 426 | 7 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (1.6) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.19 | 0.09 | 38.4 (8.4) | 40.6 (9.6) | −0.25 | −0.12 |
Whiplash victims [8] | 296 | 1131 | 1427 | 111 (37.5) | 429 (37.9) | 540 (37.8) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | −0.01 | −0.00 | 66.3 (17.3) | 66.7 (16.2) | −0.02 | −0.01 |
Loss | 501 | 804 | 1305 | 65 (13.0) | 192 (23.9) | 257 (19.7) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.28 | −0.14 | 27.6 (8.2) | 31.7 (9.4) | −0.47 | −0.23 |
Cancer patient relatives** [9] | 61 | 175 | 236 | 23 (37.7) | 78 (44.6) | 101 (42.8) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | −0.14 | −0.07 | 35.1 (7.1) | 37.9 (8.4) | −0.35 | −0.17 |
Elderly bereaved [10] | 20 | 38 | 58 | 3 (15.0) | 16 (42.1) | 19 (32.8) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.5) | −0.62 | −0.30 | 43.4 (13.5) | 66.4 (20.8) | −1.31 | −0.55 |
Elderly bereaved (prospective study) [11] | 113 | 183 | 296 | 15 (13.3) | 31 (16.9) | 46 (15.5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.10 | −0.05 | 49.5 (12.0) | 52.0 (13.5) | −0.20 | −0.10 |
Parents who have lost an infant *** [12] | 43 | 55 | 98 | 3 (7.0) | 15 (27.3) | 18 (18.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | −0.55 | −0.27 | 50.3 (12.5) | 62.7 (14.1) | −0.93 | −0.42 |
Parents who have lost an infant **** [13] | 264 | 353 | 617 | 21 (8.0) | 52 (14.7) | 73 (11.8) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | −0.21 | −0.11 | 47.0 (13.0) | 53.5 (15.9) | −0.45 | −0.22 |
Chronic disease | 179 | 368 | 547 | 11 (6.1) | 30 (8.2) | 41 (7.5) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.08 | −0.04 | 46.0 (12.8) | 51.3 (14.0) | −0.39 | −0.19 |
Families with chronically ill children [14] | 32 | 53 | 85 | 5 (15.6) | 7 (13.2) | 12 (14.1) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 48.2 (11.0) | 50.9 (12.9) | −0.23 | −0.11 |
Parents of chronically ill children [15] | 147 | 315 | 462 | 6 (4.1) | 23 (7.3) | 29 (6.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.14 | −0.07 | 45.6 (13.2) | 51.3 (14.2) | −0.42 | −0.20 |
Non-malignant disease | 196 | 256 | 452 | 17 (8.7) | 46 (18.0) | 63 (13.9) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.28 | −0.14 | 47.7 (13.5) | 54.9 (17.2) | −0.47 | −0.23 |
Overweight persons [16] | 12 | 122 | 134 | 4 (33.3) | 29 (23.8) | 33 (24.6) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.21 | 0.10 | 59.9 (16.5) | 58.1 (17.8) | 0.11 | 0.05 |
Paraplegics [17] | 147 | 69 | 216 | 10 (6.8) | 5 (7.2) | 15 (6.9) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.02 | −0.01 | 47.5 (13.1) | 50.5 (14.7) | −0.21 | −0.11 |
Parents of prematurely born children [18] | 18 | 40 | 58 | 0 | 7 (17.5) | 7 (12.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.64 | −0.31 | 38.0 (5.9) | 49.8 (18.6) | −0.85 | −0.39 |
Survivors of childhood cancer [19] | 19 | 25 | 44 | 3 (15.8) | 5 (20.0) | 8 (18.2) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.11 | −0.05 | 50.5 (13.1) | 59.8 (14.9) | −0.66 | −0.31 |
Violence | 265 | 256 | 521 | 45 (17.0) | 54 (21.1) | 99 (19.0) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.10 | −0.05 | 52.3 (18.1) | 57.0 (16.6) | −0.27 | −0.13 |
Assault victims (Aarhus) [20] | 138 | 50 | 188 | 42 (30.4) | 16 (32.0) | 58 (30.9) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | −0.03 | −0.02 | 57.7 (21.0) | 58.5 (16.7) | −0.04 | −0.02 |
Knife homicide at a Danish gymnasium [21] | 107 | 172 | 279 | 1 (0.9) | 25 (14.5) | 26 (9.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.4) | −0.54 | −0.26 | 45.0 (9.4) | 55.6 (15.5) | −0.83 | −0.38 |
Robbery victims [22] | 20 | 34 | 54 | 2 (10.0) | 13 (38.2) | 15 (27.8) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.5) | −0.69 | −0.32 | 54.8 (18.2) | 62.4 (20.4) | −0.39 | −0.19 |
Any trauma | 2101 | 3119 | 5220 | 277 (13.2) | 798 (25.6) | 1075 (20.6) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | −0.32 | −0.16 | 27.1 (9.6) | 33.0 (9.9) | −0.60 | −0.29 |