Long-term risk of mental health problems in women experiencing preterm birth: a longitudinal study of 29 mothers

Table 2 Long-term trauma-related stress reaction, psychological distress, and anxiety in mothers following preterm birth

	N	Means (SD)	Estimated marginal means	Standard error	p value by time
IES total (0–75)
T₀	29	19.7 (10.8)	19.7 (15.5, 23.8) a	2.1	p < 0.001
T₁	27	13.7 (11.5)	13.0 (8.8, 17.3) b	2.1
T₂	27	11.9 (9.7)	11.2 (7.0, 15.5) b	2.1
T₃	26	10.2 (11.9)	10.1 (5.8, 14.4) b	2.1
GHQ Likert (0–90)
T₀	29	40.0 (15.4)	39.9 (34.4, 45.5) a	2.8	p < 0.001
T₁	27	30.3 (13.4)	29.9 (24.2, 35.6) b	2.9
T₂	27	29.3 (17.1)	28.9 (23.2, 34.7) b	2.9
T₃	26	24.2 (13.9)	23.7 (17.9, 29.5) b	2.9
GHQ case (0–30)
T₀	29	12.8 (7.5)	12.8 (10.1, 15.4) a	1.3	p < 0.001
T₁	27	7.7 (6.6)	7.5 (4.8, 10.2) b	1.4
T₂	27	6.2 (7.7)	5.9 (3.2, 8.6) b	1.4
T₃	26	4.0 (6.4)	3.7 (0.9, 6.4) b	1.4
STAI-X1 (0–40)^a
T₀	29	21.5 (2.8)	21.5 (20.5, 22.4) a	0.5	p = 0.001
T₁	27	23.8 (2.7)	23.8 (22.8, 24.7) b	0.5
T₂	27	23.3 (2.3)	23.3 (22.4, 24.3) b	0.5
T₃	26	22.8 (1.8)	22.9 (21.9, 23.8) ab	0.5

Means (SD) and estimated marginal means (95% confidence intervals) with standard errors from linear mixed model statistical analysis of the IES, GHQ and STAI-X1 at 2 weeks after birth (T0), 2 weeks post-discharge from hospital (T1), infant's 6-month post-term age (T3) and infant's 18-month post-term age (T4). Same letter of estimated marginal means within each instrument at different observation times indicates that the estimates are not statistically different at p < 0.05 from each other. For example, for three given estimates with a, ab and b, the first a is only significantly different from the third b, and the middle one ab is not significantly different from the others (a or b). ^aTen-question version of STAI-X1.

ISSN: 1744-859X