Table 1 Pathophysiological models of schizophrenia and their associated drugs

Development of brain changes due to prenatal or perinatal insult(s); neurodevelopment hypothesis

[1–4, 8]

Due to disruption of working memory leading to reduced working memory even with normal brain function

[10–15]

Genetic inheritance contributes to the onset of schizophrenia

[18, 19]

Decomposition of the oligodendrocyte-axonic system causes symptoms of schizophrenia; oligodendrocytic computation capacity theory

[17]

The NPY gene is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia; reduction of levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain leads to pathological changes

[26, 27, 29]

Reduced expression of DTNBP1 confers susceptibility to schizophrenia

[21, 22]

PRODH is deleted in schizophrenia patients and may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

[23]

DAOA (G72) produces a gene product that affects glutamate signaling in schizophrenia patients

[24]

TAAR6 is a familial gene that is constitutively expressed in the brain and was discovered in families who had a history of schizophrenia

[23]

Expression changes or splice variants of ZDHHC8 gene leads to the disruption of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and increases the risk of developing schizophrenia

[25]

Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NRG1 appear to cause speech deficits on the semantic level and might increase the susceptibility to schizophrenia

[26, 27]

Increased levels of COMT are associated with glial abnormalities and altered dopamine-glutamate interactions

[28, 29]

Decreased levels of DISC1 cause neuronal abnormalities that might play a role in schizophrenia pathogenesis

[30, 31]

Due to alterations in glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission

Phencyclidine (PCP) drugs

[40]

Dopamine D2 receptor expression is also highly implicated in the disturbance associated with schizophrenia

Aripiprazole, haloperidol

[37, 42]

Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PI4,5K) has been strongly associated in the incidence of schizophrenia

Sildenafil

[41]