Table 1 Pathophysiological models of schizophrenia and their associated drugs
From: Schizophrenia pathophysiology: are we any closer to a complete model?
| Models | Relevant drugs | References |
|---|---|---|
| Development of brain changes due to prenatal or perinatal insult(s); neurodevelopment hypothesis | [1–4, 8] | |
| Due to disruption of working memory leading to reduced working memory even with normal brain function | [10–15] | |
| Genetic inheritance contributes to the onset of schizophrenia | [18, 19] | |
| Decomposition of the oligodendrocyte-axonic system causes symptoms of schizophrenia; oligodendrocytic computation capacity theory | [17] | |
| The NPY gene is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia; reduction of levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain leads to pathological changes | [26, 27, 29] | |
| Reduced expression of DTNBP1 confers susceptibility to schizophrenia | [21, 22] | |
| PRODH is deleted in schizophrenia patients and may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. | [23] | |
| DAOA (G72) produces a gene product that affects glutamate signaling in schizophrenia patients | [24] | |
| TAAR6 is a familial gene that is constitutively expressed in the brain and was discovered in families who had a history of schizophrenia | [23] | |
| Expression changes or splice variants of ZDHHC8 gene leads to the disruption of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and increases the risk of developing schizophrenia | [25] | |
| Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NRG1 appear to cause speech deficits on the semantic level and might increase the susceptibility to schizophrenia | [26, 27] | |
| Increased levels of COMT are associated with glial abnormalities and altered dopamine-glutamate interactions | [28, 29] | |
| Decreased levels of DISC1 cause neuronal abnormalities that might play a role in schizophrenia pathogenesis | [30, 31] | |
| Due to alterations in glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission | Phencyclidine (PCP) drugs | [40] |
| Dopamine D2 receptor expression is also highly implicated in the disturbance associated with schizophrenia | Aripiprazole, haloperidol | [37, 42] |
| Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PI4,5K) has been strongly associated in the incidence of schizophrenia | Sildenafil | [41] |
