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Table 3 Means and standard deviations of individual subscales and the difference between males and females

From: Standardization and normative data of the Greek version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI)

TCI scale/subscale

No. of items

Alpha

Total (n = 734)

Females (n = 436)

Males (n = 298)

p value

Cohen’s d

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

  

Novelty seeking (NS)

40

0.75

18.98

5.69

18.87

5.61

19.15

5.81

0.516

0.049

Exploratory excitability (NS1)

11

0.56

6.01

2.28

5.85

2.25

6.24

2.32

0.024

0.170

Impulsiveness (NS2)

10

0.60

3.93

2.16

3.90

2.16

3.99

2.17

0.581

0.041

Extravagance (NS3)

9

0.65

5.03

2.05

5.08

2.09

4.96

2.00

0.422

0.058

Disorderliness (NS4)

10

0.40

4.01

1.89

4.04

1.85

3.97

1.95

0.598

0.036

Harm avoidance (HA)

35

0.83

15.15

6.20

16.44

6.21

13.26

5.68

<0.001

0.534

Anticipatory worry (HA1)

11

0.64

4.45

2.39

4.86

2.44

3.85

2.18

<0.001

0.436

Fear of uncertainty (HA2)

7

0.57

4.55

1.68

4.86

1.62

4.11

1.66

<0.001

0.457

Shyness with strangers (HA3)

8

0.66

2.88

2.03

3.16

2.09

2.47

1.88

<0.001

0.347

Fatigability and asthenia (HA4)

9

0.66

3.27

2.18

3.57

2.23

2.83

2.02

<0.001

0.347

Reward dependence (RD)

24

0.62

15.44

3.49

15.92

3.44

14.74

3.44

<0.001

0.343

Sentimentality (RD1)

10

0.53

7.10

1.91

7.42

1.82

6.64

1.95

<0.001

0.413

Attachment (RD2)

8

0.64

5.15

2.00

5.15

2.04

5.16

1.93

0.936

0.005

Dependence (RD3)

6

0.48

3.18

1.50

3.35

1.51

2.94

1.44

<0.001

0.277

Persistence (PS)

8

0.51

4.44

1.85

4.46

1.90

4.41

1.78

0.699

0.027

Self-directedness (SD)

44

0.83

31.19

6.75

30.17

6.75

32.68

6.47

<0.001

0.379

Responsibility (SD1)

8

0.67

5.63

1.94

5.28

2.04

6.15

1.66

<0.001

0.467

Purposefulness (SD2)

8

0.46

5.71

1.59

5.49

1.62

6.03

1.49

<0.001

0.346

Resourcefulness (SD3)

5

0.60

3.49

1.40

3.25

1.45

3.84

1.25

<0.001

0.435

Self-acceptance (SD4)

11

0.72

7.07

2.61

6.85

2.58

7.39

2.63

0.005

0.207

Congruent second nature (SD5)

12

0.57

9.28

2.06

9.30

2.05

9.26

2.07

0.797

0.019

Cooperativeness (CO)

42

0.80

32.04

5.51

32.02

5.53

32.06

5.49

0.913

0.007

Social acceptance (CO1)

8

0.62

6.41

1.61

6.38

1.62

6.47

1.60

0.467

0.055

Empathy (CO2)

7

0.38

4.97

1.41

5.05

1.40

4.85

1.42

0.057

0.141

Helpfulness (CO3)

8

0.34

5.92

1.32

5.98

1.32

5.84

1.32

0.151

0.106

Compassion (CO4)

10

0.79

7.90

2.36

7.77

2.36

8.10

2.34

0.063

0.140

Integrated conscience (CO5)

9

0.40

6.83

1.48

6.84

1.50

6.82

1.44

0.813

0.013

Self-transcendence (ST)

33

0.81

15.57

5.90

15.94

5.72

15.03

6.11

0.041

0.153

Self-forgetfulness (ST1)

11

0.65

4.92

2.35

4.98

2.34

4.82

2.36

0.374

0.068

Transpersonal identity (ST2)

9

0.70

4.29

2.36

4.17

2.27

4.48

2.47

0.081

0.130

Spiritual acceptance (ST3)

13

0.71

6.36

2.96

6.79

2.88

5.73

2.97

<0.001

0.362

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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X