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Table 4 Comparison of mean scores of cognitive assessments between euthymic bipolar patients and controls

From: Outcome of cognitive performances in bipolar euthymic patients after a depressive episode: a longitudinal naturalistic study

Cognitive function

Group

Mean scores

Std. dev

Std. dev error

F

Sig.

t

Mean difference

p value

Memory

 Verbal memory (list learning test)

Patients

7.8000

2.20907

0.27832

0.704

0.404

−0.970

−0.45000

0.335

Control

8.2500

2.42709

0.38376

 Working memory (digit sequencing test)

Patients

17.35

5.930

0.747

0.350

0.555

−0.616

−0.751

0.539

Control

18.10

6.184

0.978

Attention and processing speed

 Trail making test A

Patients

53.73

21.880

2.757

2.985

0.087

1.716

6.630

0.089

Control

47.10

13.608

2.152

 Symbol coding

Patients

38.78

15.286

1.926

0.165

0.685

−1.371

−3.997

0.173

Control

42.78

12.927

2.044

Verbal fluency

 Category instances test

Patients

16.59

5.910

0.745

0.913

0.342

−0.625

−0.788

0.533

Control

17.38

6.709

1.061

 Controlled oral word association test

Patients

13.45

5.270

0.718

6.926

0.010

−2.569

−3.434

0.012

Control

16.59

7.126

1.126

  Motor speed (token motor test)

Patients

76.92

12.058

1.519

1.218

0.272

−2.419

−5.679

0.017

Control

82.60

10.862

1.717

Executive functions

 Tower of London

Patients

12.10

5.738

0.723

0.445

0.506

−2.198

−2.505

0.030

Control

14.60

5.472

0.865

 Trail making test B

Patients

105.48

45.932

5.787

10.849

0.001

4.182

27.526

0.000

Control

77.95

19.845

3.138

 WCST-total correct

Patients

73.75

8.690

1.095

0.044

0.835

0.445

0.771

0.658

Control

72.97

8.402

1.328

 WCST-total errors

Patients

22.11

12.988

1.636

4.439

0.038

1.476

3.236

0.143

Control

18.88

9.235

1.460

 WCST-preservative errors

Patients

11.40

7.934

1.000

3.983

0.049

1.248

1.772

0.215

Control

9.63

5.256

0.831

 WCST-conceptual levels

Patients

66.62

6.015

0.758

0.065

0.799

−0.066

−0.081

0.948

Control

66.70

6.227

0.985

 WCST-categories completed

Patients

5.90

0.296

0.037

20.630

0.000

2.555

−0.095

0.013

Control

6.00

0.000

0.000

  1. WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Mean scores mean scores for each group, Std. dev standard deviation, Std.dev error standard deviation error, F F test, Sig significance, t t statistic, Mean difference difference between group means, p value probability