Table 3 Comparison and distribution of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores of poor-sleep-quality participants in different areas (N = 354)
From: Current status of sleep quality in Taiwan: a nationwide walk-in survey
Northern (N = 195) | Middle (N = 289) | Southern (N = 228) | Eastern (N = 48) | P value | Total (N = 760) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 113 | 132 | 91 | 18 | <0.001 § | 354 |
n, % | 57.9 % | 45.7 % | 39.9 % | 37.5 % | 46.6 % | |
Age (years)a | <0.001 § | |||||
Mean ± SD | 44.4 ± 10.8 | 53.5 ± 14.3 | 62.1 ± 15.2 | 67.8 ± 9.1 | 53.5 ± 15.3 | |
Gender (n, %) | <0.001 § | |||||
Men | 6 (5.4) | 37 (29.6) | 13 (14.4) | 7 (38.9) | 63 (40.1) | |
Women | 104 (94.6) | 88 (70.4) | 77 (85.6) | 11 (61.1) | 280 (48.4) | |
Sleep duration (hours)b | 0.002 § | |||||
Mean ± SD | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | |
Hypnotics use (days/4 weeks) | <0.001 § | |||||
No use | 103 (91.2) | 105 (79.5) | 63 (69.2) | 6 (33.3) | 277 (78.2) | |
1–2 | 3 (2.6) | 8 (6.1) | 11 (12.1) | 1 (5.6) | 23 (6.5) | |
≥3 | 7 (6.2) | 19 (14.4) | 17 (18.7) | 11 (61.1) | 54 (15.3) | |
PSQI score# | 0.149 | |||||
Mean ± SD | 9.2 ± 2.8 | 8.8 ± 2.7 | 9.2 ± 3.2 | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 9.1 ± 2.9 | |
Subscale score: mean ± SD | ||||||
Subjective sleep quality | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.074 | 1.5 ± 0.8 |
Sleep latency | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | <0.001 § | 1.7 ± 0.9 |
Sleep duration | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | <0.001 § | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
Habitual sleep efficiency | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.378 | 1.1 ± 1.2 |
Sleep disturbances | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.041 § | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
Use of sleeping medication | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | <0.001 § | 0.6 ± 1.2 |
Daytime dysfunction | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.004 § | 1.1 ± 0.8 |