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Table 6 Cognitive function scores across bipolar patients with previous mainly manic and previous mainly depressive episodes

From: Cognitive impairment in manic bipolar patients: important, understated, significant aspects

 

Previous episode polarity

p

Mainly manic N = 96

Mainly depressive N = 41

Verbal memory

39.26 ± 4.00

43.49 ± 2.81

<0.0001*

Working memory

17 (10–28)

24 (11–27)

<0.0001**

Psychomotor speed

54.09 ± 5.65

53.05 ± 6.63

NS*

Verbal fluency

43.5 (31–67)

50 (30–61)

NS**

Attention and speed of information processing

42 (30–50)

44 (34–58)

0.010**

Executive function/reasoning and problem solving

12.17 ± 3.52

14.37 ± 2.58

<0.0001*

  1. Values are presented as mean ± SD for continuous parametric data, median (range) for continuous nonparametric data
  2. NS no statistical significant (p ≥ 0.05)
  3. * Kruskal–Wallis test; ** ANOVA