Maternal bonding styles in smokers and non-smokers: a comparative study

Table 1 Smoking characteristics of the study population

Smoking properties	Total	Males	Females
FTND	6.4 ± 1.2	6.4 ± 1.2	6.4 ± 1.1
CO level (ppm)	18.6 ± 7.6	18.9 ± 7.5	18.5 ± 7.8
CPD	21.0 ± 7.1	21.8 ± 7.1	20.3 ± 7.2
HS (≥20 CPD)	55.8%	66.7%	47.1%^a

^a Statistically significant difference between males and females, ^a<0.01
FTND Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test; CPD cigarette per day; HS heavy smoker

ISSN: 1744-859X