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Table 1 Summary of findings
| Type of study | Measure | Patient | N | Age (Mean ± SD) | F % | Depression instrument | MDD severity (Mean ± SD) | IGF-1 in MDD vs controls | Medication and its effects on IGF-1 levels | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bot et al. [35] | Observational | Plasma | MDD/anxiety HC | 2112 602 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.006) in AD-free individuals with current disorders; ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.09) in AD-free individuals with remitted disorders; ↓IGF-1 (p = 0.028) in AD users | Yes, not specified |
| Rosso et al. [36] | Case–control | Serum | OCD MDD HC | 40 37 43 | 38.7 ± 13.3 42.4 ± 11.9 42.3 ± 11.3 | 55.0 78.4 65.1 | HAMD | 6.5 ± 3.0 19.7 ± 2.6 | No significant differences. IGF-1 levels correlated to age of MDD onset (r = − 0.40, p = 0.014) | Yes, citalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline No changes (p = 0.42) |
| Sharma et al. [37] | A comprehensive review | Serum/plasma | MDD HC | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | IGF-1 levels in MDD vs controls were discrepant across studies | n/a | |
| Tu et al. [38] | A meta-analysis and review | Serum/plasma | MDD/BD HC | 389 393 | n/a | n/a | n/a | ↑(p < 0.001); Inverse association with MDD duration (p = 0.03); IGF-1 may be a marker of cognition | Yes. No change in IGF-1 after Rx (p = 0.092) | |
| Chigogora et al. [39] | Longitudinal population-based | Serum | Cohort of adults ≥ 50 years | 6017 | 65.7 | 55 | CES-D8 | n/a | ↓ and ↑ levels of IGF-1 ↑DD risk; Median levels of IGF-1 ↓DD risk | No |
| Van Varsseveld et al. [40] | Longitudinal population-based | Serum | MDD No DD | 193 995 | 75.4 ± 6.5 | 50.3 | CES-D | n/a | M: as compared to high concentrations, mid concentrations IGF-1 ↓DD probability (OR 0.35); F: as compared to high concentrations, low concentrations ↑DD probability (OR 2.66); F after 3 year FW: as compared to high concentrations, mid concentrations ↓DD probability (OR 0.43) | Yes, not specified |
| Rusch et al. [41] | Observational | Plasma | MDD/PTSD | 44 | 33.3 | 0 | QIDS-SR | 13.0 | The sleep improved group revealed significant ↓ in MDD (p = 0.005) and ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.009) | Yes, not specified |
| Kopzak et al. (2015) [42] | Case–control | Serum | MDD HC | 78 92 | 48.6 ± 13.9 48.1 ± 13.7 | 44.9 45.7 | HAMD | 26.4 ± 6.7 | ↑ (p = 3.29E−04) | Yes, not specified. IGF- 1 still ↑ after 6 weeks of Rx (p = 0.002) |
| Krogh et al. [43] | Longitudinal parallel-group | Serum | MDD | 79 | 41.3 ± 12.1 | 67.1 | HAMD | 19.0 ± 4.3 | Aerobic exercise intervention did not ↑IGF-1 in MDD patients | No |
| Sievers et al. [44] | Population-based cross-sectional | Serum | West Pomerania Cohort | 4079 (1246 DS) | 50.0 ± 16.4 | 51 | CID-S | n/a | F: ↓IGF-1 ↑DD probability (OR 2.70); M: ↑IGF-1 ↑DD probability (OR 3.26) | No |
| Lin et al. [45] | Cross-sectional | Plasma | Adults aged ≥ 50 years | 94 | 60.7 ± 8.4 | 58.5 | GDS | n/a | Among older adults with ↓IGF-1 levels: ↑depressive symptoms scores were associated with ↓ of delayed recall and recognition | Yes, not specified |
| Emeny et al. [46] | Population-based cross-sectional | Serum | KORA-age cohort study | 144 DS 841 no DS | M:75.4 F:75.7 | 50.0 | GDS | n/a | F: ↑IGF-1 ↑MDD probability (p = 0.045) | No |
| Szczęsny et al. [17] | A narrative review | Serum/plasma | MDD HC | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Different studies showed an elevation, decrease or no changes in peripheral IGF-1 | n/a | |
| Li et al. [47] | Case–control | Serum | MDD HC | 15 12 | 32.3 ± 7.7 31.2 ± 10.2 | 0.0 0.0 | MADRS | n/a | No differences | Escitalopram. No change in IGF-1 after 8 weeks of Rx |
| Palomino et al. [48] | Case–control | Plasma | BD HC | 23 23 | 27.0 25.7 | 34.8 | HAMD | 19.8 ± 8.8 | No differences. IGF-1 in schizophrenia correlated with negative symptoms | Yes. No change in IGF-1 levels in BD after 1 year of AP Rx |
| Weber-Hamann et al. [49] | Longitudinal parallel-group | Serum | MDD (total) Amitriptyline group Paroxetine group | 77 34 43 | R:51 ± 17 NR:46 ± 16 R:58 ± 16 NR:57 ± 14 | 72 88.8 62.9 75 | HAMD | R:23.9 ± 5.2 NR:22.1 ± 3.9 R:23.0 ± 3.2 NR:23.7 ± 3.5 | n/a | Amitriptyline/paroxetine ↓IGF-1 in R (p < 0.02) |
| Rueda Alfaro et al. [50] | Population-based cross-sectional | Plasma | Age > 70 years With DS No DS | 100 213 | M:76.7 ± 5.4 F:77.3 ± 6.4 | 51.11 | GDS | n/a | F: IGF-1 positively associated with cognition (p = 0.04) | No |
| Michelson et al. [51] | Longitudinal parallel-group | Plasma | MDD (total) on fluoxetine on sertraline on paroxetine | 107 37 34 36 | 40.0 ± 11.4 38.7 ± 14.5 39.9 ± 11.1 | 75.7 76.5 61.1 | HAMD | 4.8 ± 2.4 4.7 ± 2.3 4.9 ± 2.8 | n/a | Fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine. Placebo substitution of paroxetine ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.007) |
| Franz et al. [52] | Case–control | Serum | MDD HC | 19 16 | 34.7 ± 8.8 36.1 ± 6.6 | 100.0 100.0 | HAMD | 18.8 ± 3.9 | ↑(p = 0.02) | No |
| Deuschle et al. [53] | Case–control | Plasma | MDD HC | 24 33 | 47.2 ± 16.4 51.4 ± 19.2 | 45.8 33.3 | HAMD | 31.8 ± 5.8 | ↑(p < 0.01) | Fluoxetine, amitriptyline, doxepin. ↓IGF-1 in R (p < 0.04) |
| Michelson et al. [54] | Case–control | Serum | MDD HC | 10 10 | 41.0 ± 8.0 41.0 ± 7.0 | 100.0 100.0 | n/a | n/a | No change (p = 0.98) | Yes, not specified |
| Lesch et al. [55] | Case–control | Plasma | MDD/BD HC | 34 34 | 48.2 ± 12.2 44.7 ± 11.9 | 67.64 67.64 | HAMD | 26.9 ± 5.4 | ↑(p < 0.001) | No |
