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Table 1 Summary of findings
| Type of study | Measure | Patient | N |
Age (Mean ± SD) |
F % | Depression instrument |
MDD severity (Mean ± SD) | IGF-1 in MDD vs controls | Medication and its effects on IGF-1 levels | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bot et al. [35] | Observational | Plasma |
MDD/anxiety HC |
2112 602 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
↑IGF-1 (p = 0.006) in AD-free individuals with current disorders; ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.09) in AD-free individuals with remitted disorders; ↓IGF-1 (p = 0.028) in AD users | Yes, not specified |
| Rosso et al. [36] | Case–control | Serum |
OCD MDD HC |
40 37 43 |
38.7 ± 13.3 42.4 ± 11.9 42.3 ± 11.3 |
55.0 78.4 65.1 | HAMD |
6.5 ± 3.0 19.7 ± 2.6 |
No significant differences. IGF-1 levels correlated to age of MDD onset (r = − 0.40, p = 0.014) |
Yes, citalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline No changes (p = 0.42) |
| Sharma et al. [37] | A comprehensive review | Serum/plasma |
MDD HC | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | IGF-1 levels in MDD vs controls were discrepant across studies | n/a | |
| Tu et al. [38] | A meta-analysis and review | Serum/plasma |
MDD/BD HC |
389 393 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
↑(p < 0.001); Inverse association with MDD duration (p = 0.03); IGF-1 may be a marker of cognition | Yes. No change in IGF-1 after Rx (p = 0.092) | |
| Chigogora et al. [39] | Longitudinal population-based | Serum | Cohort of adults ≥ 50 years | 6017 | 65.7 | 55 | CES-D8 | n/a |
↓ and ↑ levels of IGF-1 ↑DD risk; Median levels of IGF-1 ↓DD risk | No |
| Van Varsseveld et al. [40] | Longitudinal population-based | Serum |
MDD No DD |
193 995 | 75.4 ± 6.5 | 50.3 | CES-D | n/a |
M: as compared to high concentrations, mid concentrations IGF-1 ↓DD probability (OR 0.35); F: as compared to high concentrations, low concentrations ↑DD probability (OR 2.66); F after 3 year FW: as compared to high concentrations, mid concentrations ↓DD probability (OR 0.43) | Yes, not specified |
| Rusch et al. [41] | Observational | Plasma | MDD/PTSD | 44 | 33.3 | 0 | QIDS-SR | 13.0 | The sleep improved group revealed significant ↓ in MDD (p = 0.005) and ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.009) | Yes, not specified |
|
Kopzak et al. (2015) [42] | Case–control | Serum |
MDD HC |
78 92 |
48.6 ± 13.9 48.1 ± 13.7 |
44.9 45.7 | HAMD | 26.4 ± 6.7 | ↑ (p = 3.29E−04) | Yes, not specified. IGF- 1 still ↑ after 6 weeks of Rx (p = 0.002) |
| Krogh et al. [43] | Longitudinal parallel-group | Serum | MDD | 79 | 41.3 ± 12.1 | 67.1 | HAMD | 19.0 ± 4.3 | Aerobic exercise intervention did not ↑IGF-1 in MDD patients | No |
| Sievers et al. [44] | Population-based cross-sectional | Serum | West Pomerania Cohort |
4079 (1246 DS) | 50.0 ± 16.4 | 51 | CID-S | n/a |
F: ↓IGF-1 ↑DD probability (OR 2.70); M: ↑IGF-1 ↑DD probability (OR 3.26) | No |
| Lin et al. [45] | Cross-sectional | Plasma | Adults aged ≥ 50 years | 94 | 60.7 ± 8.4 | 58.5 | GDS | n/a | Among older adults with ↓IGF-1 levels: ↑depressive symptoms scores were associated with ↓ of delayed recall and recognition | Yes, not specified |
| Emeny et al. [46] |
Population-based cross-sectional | Serum | KORA-age cohort study |
144 DS 841 no DS |
M:75.4 F:75.7 | 50.0 | GDS | n/a | F: ↑IGF-1 ↑MDD probability (p = 0.045) | No |
| Szczęsny et al. [17] | A narrative review | Serum/plasma |
MDD HC | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Different studies showed an elevation, decrease or no changes in peripheral IGF-1 | n/a | |
| Li et al. [47] | Case–control | Serum |
MDD HC |
15 12 |
32.3 ± 7.7 31.2 ± 10.2 |
0.0 0.0 | MADRS | n/a | No differences | Escitalopram. No change in IGF-1 after 8 weeks of Rx |
| Palomino et al. [48] | Case–control | Plasma |
BD HC |
23 23 |
27.0 25.7 | 34.8 | HAMD | 19.8 ± 8.8 | No differences. IGF-1 in schizophrenia correlated with negative symptoms | Yes. No change in IGF-1 levels in BD after 1 year of AP Rx |
| Weber-Hamann et al. [49] | Longitudinal parallel-group | Serum |
MDD (total) Amitriptyline group Paroxetine group |
77 34 43 |
R:51 ± 17 NR:46 ± 16 R:58 ± 16 NR:57 ± 14 |
72 88.8 62.9 75 | HAMD |
R:23.9 ± 5.2 NR:22.1 ± 3.9 R:23.0 ± 3.2 NR:23.7 ± 3.5 | n/a |
Amitriptyline/paroxetine ↓IGF-1 in R (p < 0.02) |
| Rueda Alfaro et al. [50] | Population-based cross-sectional | Plasma |
Age > 70 years With DS No DS |
100 213 |
M:76.7 ± 5.4 F:77.3 ± 6.4 | 51.11 | GDS | n/a | F: IGF-1 positively associated with cognition (p = 0.04) | No |
| Michelson et al. [51] | Longitudinal parallel-group | Plasma |
MDD (total) on fluoxetine on sertraline on paroxetine |
107 37 34 36 |
40.0 ± 11.4 38.7 ± 14.5 39.9 ± 11.1 |
75.7 76.5 61.1 | HAMD |
4.8 ± 2.4 4.7 ± 2.3 4.9 ± 2.8 | n/a | Fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine. Placebo substitution of paroxetine ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.007) |
| Franz et al. [52] | Case–control | Serum |
MDD HC |
19 16 |
34.7 ± 8.8 36.1 ± 6.6 |
100.0 100.0 | HAMD | 18.8 ± 3.9 | ↑(p = 0.02) | No |
| Deuschle et al. [53] | Case–control | Plasma |
MDD HC |
24 33 |
47.2 ± 16.4 51.4 ± 19.2 |
45.8 33.3 | HAMD | 31.8 ± 5.8 | ↑(p < 0.01) | Fluoxetine, amitriptyline, doxepin. ↓IGF-1 in R (p < 0.04) |
| Michelson et al. [54] | Case–control | Serum |
MDD HC |
10 10 |
41.0 ± 8.0 41.0 ± 7.0 |
100.0 100.0 | n/a | n/a | No change (p = 0.98) | Yes, not specified |
| Lesch et al. [55] | Case–control | Plasma |
MDD/BD HC |
34 34 |
48.2 ± 12.2 44.7 ± 11.9 |
67.64 67.64 | HAMD | 26.9 ± 5.4 | ↑(p < 0.001) | No |
