Depression is related to dietary diversity score in women: a cross-sectional study from a developing country

Table 1 Association of general characteristics of participants with depression status

Characteristics	Depression status			F	df ^a	df ^b	p value	p trend
Characteristics	Normal (n = 247) M ± SD or n (%)	Mild/moderate (n = 81) M ± SD or n (%)	Severe (n = 32) M ± SD or n (%)	F	df ^a	df ^b	p value	p trend
DASS (score) for depression	3.7 ± 2.7	14.2 ± 3.1	27.7 ± 4.3
Age (years)	32.8 ± 6.2	30.0 ± 6.6	32.3 ± 5.6	6.1*	2	357	0.002**	0.03
Education (years)	11.6 ± 3.2	10.9 ± 3.2	10.0 ± 3.08	4.5*	2	357	0.01**	0.003
Weight (kg)	67 ± 9.9	67.1 ± 10.9	69.5 ± 8	0.8*	2	357	0.4**	0.3
Height (cm)	158.4 ± 5.4	158.8 ± 4.8	160 ± 5.3	1.1*	2	357	0.3**	0.1
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.7 ± 3.5	26.6 ± 4.1	27.2 ± 3.1	0.3*	2	357	0.7**	0.6
Energy (kcal)	1664.4 ± 692.9	1933.6 ± 734.4	1585.9 ± 823.5	4.9*	2	357	0.008**	0.3
Marital status
Married	233 (94.3)	72 (88.9)	27 (84.4)		2		0.06***
Unmarried	14 (5.7)	9 (11.1)	5 (15.6)
Household income (Toman)
< 500,000	19 (7.8)	11 (13.9)	7 (21.9)		4		0.007***
500,000–1,000,000	142 (58.2)	49 (62)	22 (68.8)
≥ 1,000,000	83 (34)	19 (24.1)	3 (9.4)
Dietary supplement use
No^c	197 (79.8)	64 (79)	23 (71.9)		2		0.6***
Yes^d	50 (20.2)	17 (21)	9 (28.1)
Physical activity
Low	137 (55.5)	47 (58)	19 (59.4)		4		0.07***
Moderate	95 (38.5)	28 (34.6)	7 (21.9)
High	15 (6.1)	6 (7.4)	6 (18.8)

DASS depression, anxiety, stress scales
* F for ANOVA test
** p value is for ANOVA test, p < 0.05 is statistically significant *** p value is for X ² test, p < 0.05 is statistically significant
^aBetween groups df
^bWithin groups df
^cLess than three times per week
^dThree or more times per week

ISSN: 1744-859X