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Table 2 Factors associated with depression symptoms among HIV-infected adolescents on cARV and long-term follow-up at Kenyatta National Hospital

From: Understanding mental health difficulties and associated psychosocial outcomes in adolescents in the HIV clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Parameter

Overall (N = 270)

Depression symptoms

OR (95% CI)

Chi square (P value)

No (n = 128)

Yes (n = 142)

Gender

 Male

145 (53.7)

70 (54.7)

77 (54.2)

Ref.

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.01; P = 0.939)

 Female

125 (46.3)

58 (45.3)

65 (45.8)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

Age

 10–14

125 (46.3)

75 (58.6)

50 (35.2)

Ref.

(χ2 (1, 270) = 14.80; P = 0.001)

 15–19

145 (53.7)

53 (41.4)

92 (64.8)

2.60 (1.6–4.3)

School environment

 Happy with school performance

193 (71.5)

92 (71.9)

101 (71.1)

0.96 (0.6–1.6)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.02; P = 0.9)

 Plan to continue with education

260 (96.3)

122 (95.3)

138 (97.2)

1.70 (0.5–6.2)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.66; P = 0.4)

 Been bullied in school

50 (18.5)

21 (16.4)

29 (20.4)

1.31 (0.7–2.4)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.72; P = 0.4)

 School performance dropping

49 (18.1)

20 (15.6)

29 (20.4)

1.39 (0.7–2.6)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 1.04; P = 0.3)

 Changed schools in the past 2 years

85 (31.5)

33 (25.8)

52 (36.6)

1.66 (1.0–2.8)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 3.67; P = 0.05)

 Ever repeated a class

91 (33.7)

34 (26.6)

57 (40.1)

1.85 (1.1–3.1)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 5.56; P = 0.02)

 Ever sent away from school due to lack of fees

119 (44.1)

45 (37.8)

74 (62.2)

2.01 (1.2–3.3)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 7.85; P = 0.005)

Activity

 Has extracurricular activities

190 (70.4)

90 (70.3)

100 (70.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.00; P = 0.9)

 Attend religious activities

251 (93.0)

120 (93.8)

131 (92.3)

1.26 (0.5–3.2)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.23; P = 0.6)

Home environment

 Changed homes in the last 1 year

59 (21.9)

28 (21.9)

31 (21.8)

1.00 (0.6–1.8)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.00; P = 0.99)

 Ever ran away from home

18 (6.7)

4 (3.1)

14 (9.9)

3.39 (1.1–10.6)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 4.91; P = 0.03)

 Physical violence at home

11 (4.1)

5 (3.9)

6 (4.2)

1.09 (0.3–3.7)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 0.02; P = 0.895)

 Involuntarily misses meals because of lack of food

34 (12.6)

9 (7.0)

25 (17.6)

2.83 (1.3–6.3)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 6.84; P = 0.009)

Drug and substance use

 Family members or friends who use drugs

96 (35.6)

41 (32.0)

55 (38.7)

0.75 (0.5–1.2)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 1.32; P = 0.3)

 Use drugs/substance abuse

23 (8.5)

5 (3.9)

18 (12.7)

3.57 (1.3–10.0)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 6.64; P = 0.01)

Sexuality

 Agree that condoms reduces HIV transmission

126 (46.7)

52 (40.6)

74 (52.1)

1.59 (1.0–2.6)

(χ2 (2, 270) = 3.83; P = 0.1)

 Ever had sex (N = 228)

31 (13.6)

12 (12.4)

19 (14.5)

1.20 (0.6–2.6)

(χ2 (1, 228) = 0.22; P = 0.6)

 Inconsistently using condoms (N = 29)

20 (69.0)

8 (66.7)

12 (70.6)

1.20 (0.2–5.9)

(χ2 (1, 29) = 0.05; P = 0.8)

HIV Disclosure

 Full HIV disclosure

174 (64.4)

78 (60.9)

96 (67.6)

1.34 (0.8–2.2)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 1.31; P = 0.3)

Adherence to medication

 Non-perfect adherence to medication

139 (51.5)

50 (39.1)

89 (62.7)

2.62 (1.6–4.3)

(χ2 (1, 270) = 15.02; P < 0.001)

 Perfect adherence to mediation

131 (48.5)

78 (60.9)

53 (37.3)

Ref.