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Table 2 The association between various demographic, psychosocial and medical factors with preterm delivery

From: Depression during pregnancy and preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study among women attending antenatal clinic at Pumwani Maternity Hospital

Factor

Preterm

Full Term

RR (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted RR

P value

N = 27

N = 228

Demographic factors

 A. Age (years)

  < 19

1(3.7)

17(7.5)

0.57(0.08–4.22)

 

2.34(0.32–17.05)

0.403

  20–24

10(37.0)

93(40.8)

1.00(Ref)

0.864

1.00(Ref)

 

  25–29

9(33.3)

74(32.5)

1.12(0.48–2.62)

 

2.36(0.3–18.48)

0.412

  30–34

6(22.2)

35(15.4)

1.51(0.58–3.89)

 

4.31(0.53–35.14)

0.172

  35–40

1(3.7)

9(3.9)

1.03(0.15–7.27)

 

2.53(0.16–39.98)

0.511

 B. Highest education

  Tertiary (university/college)

3(11.1)

48(21.1)

0.52(0.16–1.72)

 

0.40(0.1–1.67)

0.212

  Secondary/high school

16(59.3)

126(55.3

1.09(0.47–2.51)

0.593

0.90(0.34–2.4)

0.839

  Primary school

7(25.9)

50(21.9)

1.00(Ref)

 

1.00(Ref)

 

  No formal education

1(3.7)

4(1.8)

1.77(0.29–10.92)

 

1.43(0.36–5.62)

0.612

 C. Monthly income (USD)

  < 50

6(22.2)

20(8.8)

2.50(1.04–6.00)

 

0.52(0.22–1,24)

0.142

  50–99

5(18.5)

55(24.1)

0.90(0.34–2.43)

 

0.35(0.11–1.08)

0.068

  100–349

13(48.1)

128(56.1

1.00(Ref)

0.259

1.00(Ref)

 

  > 350

3(11.1)

25(10.9)

1.16(0.35–3.81)

 

0.64(0.14–2.96)

0.572

 D. Psychosocial factors

  1. Stressful life event

    No

14(51.9)

135(59.2

1.00(Ref)

0.463

  

    Yes

13(48.1)

93(40.8)

1.31(0.64–2.67)

 

1.18(0.54–2.59)

0.673

  2. Perceived presence of social support

    Yes

27(100.0)

214(93.9

NA

0.185

  

    No

0(0.0)

14(6.1)

NA

 

NA

NA

  3. Experience of IPV

    No

26(96.3)

216(94.7

1.00(Ref)

0.728

  

    Yes

1(3.7)

12(5.3)

0.72(0.10–4.89)

 

0.44(0.07–2.91)

0.392

  4. Alcohol use in pregnancy

    No

25(92.6)

221(96.9

1.00(Ref)

0.248

  

    Yes

2(7.4)

7(3.1)

2.19(0.61–7.86)

 

1.95(0.63–6.02)

0.247

  5. Cigarette smoking in pregnancy

    No

26(96.3)

224(98.2

1.00(Ref)

0.49

  

    Yes

1(3.7)

4(1.8)

1.92(0.32–11.56)

 

1.25(0.23–6.7)

0.795

 E. Medical factors

  1. Previous preterm

    No

24(88.9)

201(88.2

1.00(Ref)

0.911

  

    Yes

3(11.1)

27(11.8)

0.94(0.30–2.93)

 

0.87(0.26–2.95)

0.829

  2. Hemoglobin level (mmol/l)

   > 10

25(92.6)

210(92.1

1.00(Ref)

0.929

  

   < 10

2(7.4)

18(7.9)

0.94(0.24–3.69)

 

0.80(0.15–4.29)

0.795

  3. Systolic blood pressure

    Below 140 mmHg

22(81.5)

208(91.2

1.00(Ref)

0.107

  

    Above/equal to 140 mmHg

5(18.5)

20(8.8)

2.09(0.87–5.04)

 

2.20(0.93–5.19)

0.072

 F. Depressive symptoms

  No depressive symptoms

8(29.6)

149(65.4

1.00(Ref)

< 0.001

  

  Present depressive symptoms

19(70.4)

79(34.6)

3.80(1.73–8.37)

 

3.56(1.7–7.48)

0.001

  1. Significant P values are in italics