Fruits and vegetables intake and its subgroups are related to depression: a cross-sectional study from a developing country

Table 4 Fruits and vegetables intake across depressed and healthy subjects

Daily intake (g)	Depressed (n = 101) Mean ± SD	Healthy (n = 299) Mean ± SD	p ^a	p ^b	p ^c
Total vegetables and fruits	289.1 ± 104.7	373.2 ± 76.4	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Total vegetables	160.2 ± 69.1	197.1 ± 54.9	< 0.001^d	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cruciferous vegetables	4.0 ± 5.0	6.5 ± 6.5	< 0.001^d	< 0.001	0.005
Green leafy vegetables	16.3 ± 13.9^e	23.9 ± 12.6	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.06
Dark yellow vegetables	5.1 ± 4.1	6.2 ± 4.5	0.01	0.011	0.1
Other vegetables	130.6 ± 55.2	157.9 ± 45.4	< 0.001^d	< 0.001	0.016
Total fruits	118.5 ± 53.7^e	170.6 ± 48.6	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Berries fruits	0.5 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.6	< 0.001^d	< 0.001	0.1
Citrus fruits	25.3 ± 12.5	35.2 ± 10.9	< 0.001^d	< 0.001	< 0.001
Other fruits	93.8 ± 45.9^e	134.4 ± 44.5	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Total vegetables and fruits are defined as in Table 1
Cruciferous vegetables include white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower
Green leafy vegetables include spinach, lettuce, and green vegetables such as basil, parsley, cress, leek, spearmint, origany, coriander and scallion
Dark yellow vegetables include carrot, yellow squash
Other vegetables include cucumber, tomato, zucchini, eggplant, celery, green pea, green bean, garlic, onion, green pepper, bell peppers, turnip, mushroom, olive, corn and artichoke
Berries fruits include strawberry, white mulberry black mulberry and dried berries
Citrus fruits include orange, tangerine, grapefruits, sweet lemon, sour lemon, orange juice
Other fruits include cantaloupe, melon, pear, apricot, cherry, apple, peach, nectarine, greengage, fig, kiwi fruit, persimmon, pomegranate, date, plum, sour cherry, banana, pineapple, grapes, dry peach and apricot, raisin and fruit juice
Values are means (standard deviations)
^aUnadjusted, Student t test
^bAdjusted for energy intake; ANCOVA test
^cAdjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake and healthy eating index score. Total vegetables and total fruits intake were mutually adjusted. For each vegetables and fruits sub-groups, total fruits and vegetables intake was adjusted; ANCOVA test
^dMann–Withney test
^eGeometric mean ± SEM

ISSN: 1744-859X