From: Association between DRD2 and ANKK1 polymorphisms with the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia
Parameter | DS | NDS | X2 | Z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women n (%) | 43 (42) | 58 (61) | 7.37 | Â | 0.007 |
Age (years) mean ± SD (median) | 41 ± 11 (40) | 39 ± 11 (36) |  | − 1.46 | 0.143 |
Higher education n (%) | 18 (17) | 18 (19) | 0.07 | Â | 0.788 |
Cohabitation n (%) | 32 (31) | 29 (31) | 0.01 | Â | 0.934 |
Psychiatric illness in the family n (%) | 41 (40) | 33 (35) | 0.46 | Â | 0.496 |
Neurological illness in the family n (%) | 17 (17) | 13 (14) | 0.27 | Â | 0.603 |
Schizophrenia in the family n (%) | 30 (29) | 15 (16) | 4.83 | Â | 0.028 |
Duration of schizophrenia (years) mean ± SD (median) | 14 ± 9 (13) | 13 ± 10 (10) |  | − 1.73 | 0.084 |
Age of onset (years) mean ± SD (median) | 27 ± 8 (24) | 26 ± 8 (24) |  | − 0.30 | 0.761 |
Time delay from onset to diagnosis n (%) | |||||
 < 1 month | 49 (48) | 48 (51) |  |  |  |
 1–6 months | 23 (22) | 21 (22) | 0.22 |  | 0.897 |
 > 6 months | 31 (30) | 26 (27) |  |  |  |
Withdrawal of symptoms after neuroleptics n (%) | 97 (94) | 93 (98) | 1.76 | Â | 0.184 |
Number of psychiatric hospitalizations mean ± SD (median) | 6.7 ± 5.8 (5) | 6.4 ± 6.8 (4) |  | − 1.14 | 0.253 |
Longest episode (weeks) mean ± SD (median) | 33 ± 62 (14) | 19 ± 27 (12) |  | − 2.31 | 0.021 |
Clinical course n (%) | Â | Â | 0.31 | Â | 0.855 |
 Episodes of relapses and remissions | 78 (76) | 82 (86) | |||
 Chronic course | 10 (10) | 8 (8) | |||
 Chronic course with social withdrawal | 14 (14) | 5 (5) | |||
MMSE mean ± SD (median) | 28 ± 2 (28) | 28 ± 2 (29) |  | 2.29 | 0.022 |
PANSS mean ± SD (median) | |||||
 Total | 42 ± 18 (41) | 22 ± 19 (17) |  | − 7.08 | < 0.001 |
 Positive | 6 ± 5 (6) | 5 ± 5 (3) |  | − 2.72 | 0.006 |
 Negative | 16 ± 6 (15) | 7 ± 6 (5) |  | − 9.01 | < 0.001 |
 General | 19 ± 10 (18) | 10 ± 9 (8) |  | − 6.37 | < 0.001 |
CGI-SCH mean ± SD (median) | |||||
 Total | 14 ± 5 (14) | 9 ± 4 (8) |  | − 7.79 | < 0.001 |
 Positive | 2.3 ± 1.3 (2) | 1.8 ± 1.0 (1) |  | − 2.23 | 0.026 |
 Negative | 3.8 ± 1.3 (4) | 2.1 ± 1.2 (2) |  | − 8.10 | < 0.001 |
 Depressive | 2.3 ± 1.1 (2) | 1.4 ± 0.6 (1) |  | − 6.73 | < 0.001 |
 Cognitive | 2.8 ± 1.1 (3) | 1.8 ± 0.9 (2) |  | − 6.10 | < 0.001 |
 Total severity of schizophrenia | 3.2 ± 1.1 (3) | 2.0 ± 1.0 (2) |  | − 7.35 | < 0.001 |
 SDS mean ± SD (median) | 15 ± 5 (15) | 6 ± 6 (6) |  | − 8.99 | < 0.001 |