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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subgroups

From: Association between DRD2 and ANKK1 polymorphisms with the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia

Parameter

DS

NDS

X2

Z

p

Women n (%)

43 (42)

58 (61)

7.37

 

0.007

Age (years) mean ± SD (median)

41 ± 11 (40)

39 ± 11 (36)

 

− 1.46

0.143

Higher education n (%)

18 (17)

18 (19)

0.07

 

0.788

Cohabitation n (%)

32 (31)

29 (31)

0.01

 

0.934

Psychiatric illness in the family n (%)

41 (40)

33 (35)

0.46

 

0.496

Neurological illness in the family n (%)

17 (17)

13 (14)

0.27

 

0.603

Schizophrenia in the family n (%)

30 (29)

15 (16)

4.83

 

0.028

Duration of schizophrenia (years)

mean ± SD (median)

14 ± 9 (13)

13 ± 10 (10)

 

− 1.73

0.084

Age of onset (years) mean ± SD (median)

27 ± 8 (24)

26 ± 8 (24)

 

− 0.30

0.761

Time delay from onset to diagnosis n (%)

 < 1 month

49 (48)

48 (51)

   

 1–6 months

23 (22)

21 (22)

0.22

 

0.897

 > 6 months

31 (30)

26 (27)

   

Withdrawal of symptoms after neuroleptics n (%)

97 (94)

93 (98)

1.76

 

0.184

Number of psychiatric hospitalizations mean ± SD (median)

6.7 ± 5.8 (5)

6.4 ± 6.8 (4)

 

− 1.14

0.253

Longest episode (weeks) mean ± SD (median)

33 ± 62 (14)

19 ± 27 (12)

 

− 2.31

0.021

Clinical course n (%)

  

0.31

 

0.855

 Episodes of relapses and remissions

78 (76)

82 (86)

 Chronic course

10 (10)

8 (8)

 Chronic course with social withdrawal

14 (14)

5 (5)

MMSE mean ± SD (median)

28 ± 2 (28)

28 ± 2 (29)

 

2.29

0.022

PANSS mean ± SD (median)

 Total

42 ± 18 (41)

22 ± 19 (17)

 

− 7.08

< 0.001

 Positive

6 ± 5 (6)

5 ± 5 (3)

 

− 2.72

0.006

 Negative

16 ± 6 (15)

7 ± 6 (5)

 

− 9.01

< 0.001

 General

19 ± 10 (18)

10 ± 9 (8)

 

− 6.37

< 0.001

CGI-SCH mean ± SD (median)

 Total

14 ± 5 (14)

9 ± 4 (8)

 

− 7.79

< 0.001

 Positive

2.3 ± 1.3 (2)

1.8 ± 1.0 (1)

 

− 2.23

0.026

 Negative

3.8 ± 1.3 (4)

2.1 ± 1.2 (2)

 

− 8.10

< 0.001

 Depressive

2.3 ± 1.1 (2)

1.4 ± 0.6 (1)

 

− 6.73

< 0.001

 Cognitive

2.8 ± 1.1 (3)

1.8 ± 0.9 (2)

 

− 6.10

< 0.001

 Total severity of schizophrenia

3.2 ± 1.1 (3)

2.0 ± 1.0 (2)

 

− 7.35

< 0.001

 SDS mean ± SD (median)

15 ± 5 (15)

6 ± 6 (6)

 

− 8.99

< 0.001