Prevalence of perinatal depression among Japanese women: a meta-analysis

Tokumitsu, Keita; Sugawara, Norio; Maruo, Kazushi; Suzuki, Toshihito; Shimoda, Kazutaka; Yasui-Furukori, Norio

doi:10.1186/s12991-020-00290-7

Annals of General Psychiatry

Table 1 Major characteristics of studies: the prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression

From: Prevalence of perinatal depression among Japanese women: a meta-analysis

Author, year	Time classification	Measure	Sample size	Identified cases	Prevalence (%)
Akiyama 2014 [45]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	936	324	34.6
Amagai 2014 [46]	Third trimester	EPDS	151	33	21.9
Arai 2009 [47]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	149	33	22.1
Arai 2009 [47]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	149	33	22.1
Arakawa 2016 [48]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	257	23	8.9
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	253	36	14.2
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	289	26	9.0
Arimoto 2010 [49]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	276	66	23.9
Arimoto 2010 [49]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	276	66	23.9
Doi 2015 [50]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	100	20	20.0
Ebine 2007 [51]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	691	131	19.0
Ebine 2007 [51]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	691	131	19.0
Emori 2014 [52]	Third trimester	EPDS	110	20	18.2
Fujita 2007 [54]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	1869	222	11.9
Fujita 2007 [54]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	1869	222	11.9
Fujita 2015 [53]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	179	38	21.2
Fujita 2015 [53]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	179	38	21.2
Fukuda 2011 [55]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	299	57	19.1
Fukuda 2011 [55]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	299	57	19.1
Fukuzawa 2003 [56]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	194	25	12.9
Fukuzawa 2003 [56]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	194	10	5.2
Fukuzawa 2004 [57]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	664	31	4.7
Fukuzawa 2004 [57]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	664	72	10.8
Fukuzawa 2006 [58]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	356	17	4.8
Fukuzawa 2006 [58]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	356	32	9.0
Fukuzawa 2011 [59]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	135	8	5.9
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	135	13	9.6
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	135	11	8.1
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	135	13	9.6
	6- to 12-month postpartum	EPDS	135	13	9.6
Goto 2010 [60]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	378	32	8.5
Hamazaki 2009 [61]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	986	91	9.2
Hamazaki 2009 [61]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	986	91	9.2
Harada 2008 [62]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	820	68	8.3
Harada 2008 [62]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	820	68	8.3
Harada 2009 [63]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	143	18	12.6
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	143	20	14.0
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	143	12	8.4
Hashimoto 2014 [64]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	1222	102	8.3
Honda 2008 [65]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	230	31	13.5
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	230	31	13.5
Hori 2006 [66]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	217	29	13.4
Hosoya 2006 [67]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	204	33	16.2
Hosoya 2006 [67]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	204	33	16.2
Hozumi 2005 [68]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	110	16	14.5
Ichikawa 2008 [69]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	152	29	19.1
Ichikawa 2008 [69]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	152	29	19.1
Imura 2004 [70]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	102	21	20.6
Ishii 2010 [71]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	109	4	3.7
Ishii 2010 [71]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	109	6	5.5
Ishikawa 2011 [72]	Third trimester	EPDS	424	48	11.3
Iwafuji 2007 [73]	3- to 6-month postpartum	CES-D	129	13	10.1
Iwafuji 2007 [73]	6- to 12-month postpartum	CES-D	129	20	15.5
Iwamoto 2010 [74]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	590	30	5.1
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	590	65	11.0
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	560	41	7.3
	Third trimester	EPDS	590	101	17.1
Iwata 2016 [75]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	2854	437	15.3
Iwata 2016 [76]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	2709	261	9.6
Iwata 2016 [76]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	2709	222	8.2
Kanai 2016 [77]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	113	8	7.1
Kanai 2016 [77]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	113	8	7.1
Kanazawa 2008 [78]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	111	16	14.4
Kanazawa 2008 [78]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	111	16	14.4
Kaneko 2008 [79]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	103	15	14.6
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	103	15	14.6
	Second trimester	EPDS	103	13	12.6
Kawai 2017 [80]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	951	115	12.1
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	951	47	4.9
	6- to 12-month postpartum	EPDS	951	40	4.2
Kawamura 2006 [81]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	506	100	19.8
Kawamura 2006 [81]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	2283	226	9.9
Kikuchi 2010 [83]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	113	17	15.0
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	113	17	15.0
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	113	17	15.0
Kinjo 2011 [84]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	152	39	25.7
Kinjo 2011 [84]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	152	39	25.7
Kinjo 2013 [85]	1- to 3-month postpartum	CES-D	289	96	33.2
Kinjo 2013 [85]	Second trimester	CES-D	320	100	31.3
Kishi 2009 [86]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	160	20	12.5
Kishi 2009 [86]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	160	20	12.5
Kobayashi 2017 [10]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	967	191	19.8
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	967	191	19.8
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	710	91	12.8
Kondo 2011 [88]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	129	14	10.9
Kubota 2014 [89]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	690	127	18.4
Kubota 2014 [89]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	690	127	18.4
Maruyama 2012 [106]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	143	36	25.2
Maruyama 2012 [106]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	143	36	25.2
Masuda 2012 [90]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	595	89	15.0
Masuda 2012 [90]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	595	89	15.0
Matsukida 2009 [91]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	1240	102	8.2
Matsuoka 2010 [93]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	508	69	13.6
Matsuzaki 2009 [94]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	443	40	9.0
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	436	37	8.5
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	154	13	8.4
Mishina 2009 [95]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	103	17	16.5
Mishina 2009 [95]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	103	17	16.5
Mishina 2010 [96]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	279	43	15.4
Mishina 2010 [96]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	279	43	15.4
Mishina 2012 [97]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	631	87	13.8
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	1621	182	11.2
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	312	41	13.1
Mitamura 2008 [98]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	503	40	8.0
Mitamura 2008 [98]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	503	40	8.0
Miyake 2011[100]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	771	106	13.7
Miyake 2016 [99]	3- to 6-month postpartum	CES-D	1319	108	8.2
Miyauchi 2014 [102]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	410	31	7.6
Mori 2017 [104]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	2854	437	15.3
Morikawa 2015 [105]	Second trimester	EPDS	371	68	18.3
Muchanga 2017 [9]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	82,489	11,341	13.7
Muchanga 2017 [9]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	82,489	11,341	13.7
Murayama 2010 [107]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	230	23	10.0
Nagatsuru 2006 [108]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	252	62	24.6
Nagatsuru 2006 [108]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	252	62	24.6
Nakaita 2012 [109]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	1744	233	13.4
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	1744	233	13.4
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	2364	286	12.1
Nakamura 2015 [12]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	215	19	8.8
Nakamura 2015 [12]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	215	19	8.8
Nakano 2004 [110]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	169	29	17.2
Ngoma 2012 [111]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	117	7	6.0
Ngoma 2012 [111]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	117	7	6.0
Nishigori 2015 [113]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	300	45	15.0
Nishihira 2011 [114]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	179	24	13.4
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	179	24	13.4
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	100	13	13.0
Nishikawa 2006 [115]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	248	37	14.9
Nishikawa 2006 [115]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	248	37	14.9
Nishimura 2010 [117]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	178	50	28.1
Nishimura 2010 [117]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	178	50	28.1
Nishimura 2015 [116]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	807	83	10.3
Nishioka 2011 [118]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	405	79	19.5
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	405	79	19.5
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	653	53	8.1
Nishizono-Maher 2004 [119]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	693	96	13.9
Ogasawara 2000 [120]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	161	7	4.3
Ogasawara 2000 [120]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	161	7	4.3
Ono 2008 [122]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	151	33	21.9
Ono 2008 [122]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	151	33	21.9
Ono 2009 [122]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	485	99	20.4
Otake 2014 [123]	Third trimester	EPDS	154	9	5.8
Sadatomi 2011 [124]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	201	19	9.5
Sadatomi 2011 [124]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	201	19	9.5
Sakae 2016 [125]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	110	25	22.7
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	110	16	14.5
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	110	17	15.5
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	110	15	13.6
	6- to 12-month postpartum	EPDS	110	18	16.4
	Third trimester	EPDS	110	19	17.3
Sasaki 2007 [127]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	314	41	13.1
Sasaki 2012 [126]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	314	49	15.6
Sasaki 2012 [126]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	314	49	15.6
Sato 2002 [130]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	402	59	14.7
Sato 2002 [130]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	402	84	20.9
Sato 2006 [128]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	189	32	16.9
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	189	37	19.6
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	189	27	14.3
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	103	13	12.6
Sato 2016 [129]	6- to 12-month postpartum	EPDS	677	145	21.4
Satoh 2009 [131]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	177	42	23.7
Seki 2015 [132]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	336	71	21.1
Shin 2015 [133]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	167	18	10.8
Shiraishi 2015 [134]	Second trimester	EPDS	329	19	5.8
Shoji 2009 [135]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	147	7	4.8
Shoji 2009 [135]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	147	14	9.5
Suetsugu 2015 [136]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	244	19	7.8
Suetsugu 2015 [136]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	244	19	7.8
Sugimoto 2017 [137]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	2133	262	12.3
Sugishita 2013 [138]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	121	24	19.8
Sugishita 2013 [138]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	121	24	19.8
Suzuki 2001 [139]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	1864	275	14.8
Suzuki 2001 [139]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	1864	275	14.8
Suzuki 2010 [140]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	684	38	5.6
Suzumiya 2004 [141]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	780	150	19.2
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	2334	296	12.7
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	256	23	9.0
Tachibana 2015 [142]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	1327	169	12.7
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	1327	169	12.7
	Second trimester	EPDS	1327	128	9.6
Takahashi 2014 [143]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	100	10	10.0
Takahashi 2014 [143]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	100	10	10.0
Takehara 2009 [144]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	816	96	11.8
Takehara 2009 [144]	6- to 12-month postpartum	EPDS	684	65	9.5
Takehara 2018 [145]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	1305	115	8.8
Tamaki 1997 [149]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	627	114	18.2
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	627	114	18.2
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	627	76	12.1
Tamaki 1997 [148]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	2476	292	11.8
Tamaki 2007 [146]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	329	61	18.5
Tamaki 2008 [147]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	361	66	18.3
Tamaki 2008 [147]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	361	66	18.3
Tomari 2012 [150]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	366	53	14.5
Tomimori 2011 [151]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	271	43	15.9
Tomimori 2011 [151]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	198	32	16.2
Umezaki 2015 [152]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	114	36	31.6
Umezaki 2015 [152]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	114	38	33.3
Urayama 2013 [153]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	101	18	17.8
Urayama 2013 [153]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	101	33	32.7
Usuda 2016 [154]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	118	11	9.3
Usuda 2016 [154]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	118	11	9.3
Usuda 2017 [29]	Second trimester	EPDS	2821	411	14.6
Usui 2013 [155]	1-month postpartum	CES-D	142	41	28.9
	0- to 1-month postpartum	CES-D	142	41	28.9
	Third trimester	CES-D	142	39	27.5
Yamaguchi 2016 [156]	1-month postpartum	EPDS	101	14	13.9
	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	101	20	19.8
	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	101	9	8.9
	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	101	13	12.9
Yamanaka 2012 [157]	1- to 3-month postpartum	EPDS	786	81	10.3
Yamaoka 2016 [158]	3- to 6-month postpartum	EPDS	6534	623	9.5
Yamazaki 2016 [161]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	363	67	18.5
Yamazaki 2017 [160]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	105	34	32.4
Yamasaki 2017 [159]	3- to 6-month postpartum	CES-D	399	40	10.0
Yoshida 2017 [162]	0- to 1-month postpartum	EPDS	276	38	13.8

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