From: Patients with first versus multiple episodes of self-harm: how do their profiles differ?
Patients with first episode N = 764 (44.2%) | Patients with multiple episodes N = 966 (55.8%) | Statistics | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnostic, % (N) | Fisher’s exact test | < .001 | ||
Dementia F0 | 0.0 (0) | 0.8 (7) | ||
Alcohol use F10 | 5.8 (40) | 4.8 (44) | ||
Substance use F11–F19 | 2.3 (16) | 1.8 (17) | ||
Schizophrenia F2 | 3.9 (27) | 7.8 (72) | ||
Bipolar disorders F3-M | 1.6 (11) | 2.4 (22) | ||
Depression F3-D | 34.0 (236) | 32.7 (301) | ||
Anxiety/stress-related disorders F4 | 39.7 (276) | 17.3 (159) | ||
Behavioral syndromes assoc. w. physiological disturbances F7-F9 | 1.6 (11) | 2.1 (19) | ||
Personality disorder F6 | 11.2 (78) | 30.4 (280) | ||
Physical pain, % (N) | 20.1 (145) | 25.6 (223) | χ2(1) = 6.705 | .010 |
Disabling physical illness, % (N) | 13.8 (97) | 17.7 (150) | χ2(1) = 4.206 | .040 |
Method of self-harm, % (N) | Fisher’s exact test | .065 | ||
Self-poisoning (medication) | 59.1 (450) | 59.2 (571) | ||
Self-poisoning (other substance) | 4.6 (35) | 3.2 (31) | ||
Cutting | 12.3 (94) | 14.0 (135) | ||
Firearm | 0.3 (2) | 0.2 (2) | ||
Jumping from a height | 7.7 (59) | 6.0 (58) | ||
Hanging or asphyxiation | 6.4 (49) | 7.3 (70) | ||
Drowning | 2.0 (15) | 0.8 (8) | ||
Jumping/lying in front of a moving object | 2.2 (17) | 2.8 (27) | ||
Multiple methods | 2.5 (19) | 3.9 (38) | ||
Other | 0.3 (2) | 0.5 (5) | ||
Burning and immolation | 1.3 (10) | 0.7 (7) | ||
Physical auto-aggressiveness | 1.2 (9) | 0.6 (6) | ||
Ingestion of a foreign object | 0.1 (1) | 0.7 (7) | ||
Location at the time of the self-harm episode, % (N) | χ2(5) = 16.512 | .006 | ||
Home | 74.6 (565) | 71.5 (686) | ||
Workplace/school | 1.6 (12) | 0.5 (5) | ||
Medical/social institution, prison | 7.4 (56) | 10.8 (104) | ||
Public space | 9.2 (70) | 10.8 (104) | ||
Isolated place | 3.6 (27) | 2.0 (19) | ||
Other | 3.6 (27) | 4.4 (42) | ||
Level of suicidal intent, % (N) | χ2(2) = 3.813 | .149 | ||
Clear suicidal intent | 48.9 (372) | 52.8 (504) | ||
Unclear suicidal intent | 26.8 (204) | 26.7 (255) | ||
No suicidal intent | 24.2 (184) | 20.5 (196) | ||
Notable Seriousness of the episode, % (N) | 17.6 (132) | 18.1 (170) | χ2(1) = 0.067 | .796 |
Arrival at the ER, % (N) | χ2(5) = 11.485 | .043 | ||
Alone, on its own initiative | 10.1 (75) | 14.4 (132) | ||
With family/friends, on their impulse | 22.2 (164) | 18.3 (168) | ||
By ambulance, called by the patient | 5.4 (40) | 5.4 (50) | ||
By ambulance, called by other | 49.2 (364) | 49.0 (450) | ||
With the police, called by the patient | 0.8 (6) | 1.6 (15) | ||
With the police, called by other | 12.3 (91) | 11.3 (104) | ||
Intoxication at the time of the episode, % (N) | 35.7 (261) | 44.9 (403) | χ2(1) = 14.186 | < .001 |
Use of substance during the last 3 months, Median (IQR) | ||||
Alcohol | 2.0 (3.0) | 2.0 (3.0) | U = 149,110.0 | < .001a |
Cannabis | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | U = 138,545.0 | .003a |
Unprescribed medicine | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | U = 102,208.0 | < .001a |
Cocaine | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | U = 155,606.5 | .012a |
Opiates | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | U = 141,418.5 | < .001 a |
Pre-self-harm episode follow-up, % (N) | Fisher’s exact test | < .001 | ||
None | 33.6 (249) | 18.5 (172) | ||
General practitioner | 20.8 (154) | 12.0 (112) | ||
Outpatient public psychiatry network | 15.1 (112) | 31.0 (288) | ||
Psychologist or psychiatrist in private practice | 25.8 (191) | 32.8 (305) | ||
Other healthcare professional | 1.9 (14) | 1.2 (11) | ||
Voluntary psychiatric hospitalization | 0.8 (6) | 2.6 (24) | ||
Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization | 0.5 (4) | 0.8 (7) | ||
Psychiatric hospitalization, unspecified | 0.3 (2) | 0.3 (3) | ||
Non-psychiatric hospitalization (liaison) | 0.9 (7) | 0.5 (5) | ||
Social worker | 0.1 (1) | 0.3 (3) | ||
Post-self-harm episode follow-up, % (N) | Fisher’s exact test | < .001 | ||
None | 4.1 (30) | 2.9 (27) | ||
Outpatient public psychiatry network | 34.4 (251) | 25.3 (233) | ||
General practitioner | 3.2 (23) | 1.3 (12) | ||
Psychologist or psychiatrist in private practice | 15.8 (115) | 14.9 (137) | ||
Other healthcare professional | 1.4 (10) | 1.0 (9) | ||
Voluntary psychiatric hospitalization | 22.4 (163) | 32.3 (297) | ||
Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization | 13.0 (95) | 19.0 (175) | ||
Non-psychiatric hospitalization (liaison) | 4.8 (35) | 2.4 (22) | ||
Psychiatric hospitalization, unspecified | 0.4 (3) | 0.4 (4) | ||
Social worker | 0.5 (4) | 0.4 (4) | ||
Realization level of the self-harm episode, % N) | χ2(2) = 2.122 | .346 | ||
Completed | 67.2 (205) | 72.2 (314) | ||
Interrupted | 21.3 (65) | 17.9 (78) | ||
Aborted | 11.5 (35) | 9.9 (43) | ||
Significant recent event, suffering related to work situation, % (NN) | 16.2 (46) | 10.8 (42) | χ2(1) = 4.212 | .004 |
Significant recent event, harassment at work/mobbing, % (N) | 4.3 (12) | 1.6 (6) | χ2(1) = 4.599 | .032 |