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Table 2 Means, standard deviations, and correlations (Nā€‰=ā€‰1266)

From: The relationship between test anxiety and emotion regulation: the mediating effect of psychological resilience

Variable

Psychological resilience

Resilience

Strength

Optimism

Emotion regulation

Cognitive reappraisal

Expressive suppression

Test anxiety

Total

58.89ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.28

29.68ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.56

20.14ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.01

9.07ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.70

64.56ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.92

34.30ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.82

30.26ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.82

16.75ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.62

Gender

Ā Male

60.96ā€‰Ā±ā€‰17.58

30.99ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.85

20.64ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.71

9.33ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.97

65.52ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.93

33.97ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.72

31.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.63

15.77ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.74

Ā Female

57.77ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.76

28.97ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.68

19.86ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.56

8.93ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.53

64.03ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.63

33.48ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.28

29.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.61

17.27ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.51

Ā T

3.33**

3.75**

2.49*

2.39*

1.97*

āˆ’Ā 1.184

4.66**

āˆ’Ā 3.36**

Grade

Ā First year

59.87ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.31

30.19ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.61

20.45ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.97

9.22ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.69

64.42ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.99

34.22ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.88

30.20ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.25

16.61ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.61

Ā Second-year

59.59ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.70

30.36ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.09

20.10ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.47

9.13ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.92

64.91ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.54

34.26ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.88

30.65ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.17

16.74ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.74

Ā Third year

56.26ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.83

28.10ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.83

19.43ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.69

8.73ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.52

64.54ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.45

34.35ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.69

30.19ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.61

17.02ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.74

Ā F

3.17*

3.80**

2.38*

1.18

0.26

0.14

0.81

0.17

Academic evaluation

Ā Excellent

61.89ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.41

31.22ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.59

21.26ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.48

9.40ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.46

65.89ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.08

35.28ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.21

30.61ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.81

15.49ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.67

Ā Moderate

60.22ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.41

30.37ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.14

20.56ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.61

9.29ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.67

64.76ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.46

34.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.57

30.21ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.00

16.51ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.61

Ā Lowerā€“moderate

56.40ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.73

28.37ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.23

19.27ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.90

8.77ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.58

63.46ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.67

33.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.96

29.91ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.61

16.85ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.94

Ā Poor

52.92ā€‰Ā±ā€‰19.11

26.64ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.62

18.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.17

8.28ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.15

62.92ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.47

32.75ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.01

30.17ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.12

19.64ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.22

Ā F

17.93**

15.01**

21.73**

9.22**

3.37*

6.86**

0.51

12.48**

Single-child family

Ā Yes

59.37ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.45

29.94ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.14

20.19ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.35

9.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.85

64.01ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.75

33.49ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.16

30.52ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.41

17.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.88

Ā No

58.75ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.92

29.61ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.37

20.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.90

9.02ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.65

64.73ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.65

34.54ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.70

30.18ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.93

16.63ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.54

Ā T

0.58

0.58

0.21

1.21

āˆ’Ā 0.90

āˆ’Ā 2.32*

0.72

0.95

Part-time jobs

Ā Yes

60.71ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.44

30.84ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.72

20.52ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.02

9.35ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.75

66.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.75

34.90ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.97

31.10ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.30

16.37ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.97

Ā No

58.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.18

29.26ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.46

20.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.00

8.98ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.68

64.04ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.56

34.08ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.76

29.95ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.93

16.88ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.49

Ā T

2.54*

2.91**

1.62

2.18*

2.59*

1.88

2.56*

āˆ’Ā 1.05

Members of the club

Ā Yes

59.26ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.79

29.86ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.26

20.27ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.88

9.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.65

64.68ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.59

34.46ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.67

30.22ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.94

16.86ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.55

Ā No

57.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰17.53

28.74ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.91

19.42ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.60

8.84ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.93

63.92ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.49

33.47ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.53

30.45ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.59

16.17ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.97

Ā T

1.73

1.53

2.03*

1.34

0.83

1.90

āˆ’Ā 0.43

1.18

Birthplace

Ā City

59.32ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.94

29.86ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.84

20.17ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.23

9.29ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.82

64.74ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.27

34.09ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.78

30.66ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.34

17.41ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.87

Ā Country

58.63ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.87

29.57ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.38

20.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.87

8.94ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.62

64.44ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.70

34.43ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.85

30.01ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.85

16.33ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.44

Ā T

0.78

0.57

0.18

2.23*

0.44

āˆ’Ā 0.87

1.58

2.46*

  1. *pā€‰<ā€‰0.05; **pā€‰<ā€‰0.01