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Table 2 Unadjusted logistic regression models of factors related to GAD, MDD and the comorbid form

From: The impact of COVID-related perceived stress and social support on generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders: moderating effects of pre-pandemic mental disorders

Characteristic

Outcome 1 GAD

(95% CI)

Outcome 2 MDD

(95% CI)

Outcome 3 GAD + MDD

OR

OR

OR

(95% CI)

Age

 18–34

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 35–54

0.73*

(0.56, 0.94)

0.68**

(0.52, 0.87)

0.86

(0.61, 1.19)

 55–64

0.52***

(0.38, 0.73)

0.58**

(0.42, 0.80)

0.69

(0.46, 1.04)

  + 65

0.39***

(0.26, 0.56)

0.39***

(0.27, 0.56)

0.50**

(0.28, 0.73)

Gender

 Female vs male

1.84***

(1.48, 2.35)

1.78***

(1.42, 2.24)

1.61**

(1.21, 2.13)

Highest level of education

  ≤ Primary

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Secondary

0.73

(0.50, 1.07)

0.76

(0.51, 1.11)

0.69

(0.44, 1.09)

  ≥ Tertiary

0.53**

(0.36, 0.80)

0.50**

(0.34, 0.75)

0.44**

(0.27, 0.71)

Marital status

 Single

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Married

0.64***

(0.51, 0.81)

0.54***

(0.43, 0.68)

0.61**

(0.45, 0.82)

 Divorced/separated

0.86

(0.59, 1.26)

1.04

(0.73, 1.50)

1.11

(0.72, 1.72)

 Widowed

0.68

(0.41, 1.14)

0.70

(0.43, 1.14)

0.82

(0.44, 1.50)

Employment status

 Employed

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Unemployed

1.43**

(1.12, 1.86)

1.66***

(1.29, 2.14)

1.97***

(1.44, 2.70)

 Student

1.70*

(1.04, 2.76)

1.97**

(1.22, 3.17)

1.84

(1.00, 3.42)

 Retired/sick-paid

0.69*

(0.50, 0.95)

0.78

(0.57, 1.06)

0.87

(0.58, 1.29)

Number of rooms per person

 Per unit increase

0.77**

(0.65, 0.91)

0.87

(0.75, 1.01)

0.89

(0.74, 1.06)

Infection status

 Positive vs negative

1.30

(0.72, 2.35)

1.45

(0.81, 2.60)

0.49

(0.18, 1.35)

N. of chronic physical conditions

 None

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 1

1.11

(0.86, 1.43)

1.24

(0.97, 1.59)

1.07

(0.78, 1.47)

  > 1

2.27***

(1.68, 3.05)

2.22***

(1.64, 2.98)

2.60***

(1.83, 3.68)

Social support

 Per unit increase

0.85***

(0.80, 0.90)

0.81***

(0.77, 0.86)

0.81***

(0.75, 0.87)

COVID-related perceived stress

 Per unit increase

1.17***

(1.14, 1.20)

1.14***

(1.12, 1.17)

1.18***

(1.14, 1.21)

Pre-pandemic mental disorder

 Yes vs no

4.51***

(3.59, 5.67)

4.40***

(3.51, 5.51)

5.20***

(3.87, 6.99)

  1. GAD generalized anxiety disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, OR odds ratio, COVID coronavirus infectious disease, CI confidence interval
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X