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Table 2 Subgroup analysis for mean PANSS ratings

From: Positive and negative syndrome scale in forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study subgroups

N of studies

Mean ratings

Heterogeneity

Publication bias

Estimate

CI 95%

P-value

I2 (%)

Group heterogeneity

Begg’s test

Lower limit

Upper limit

Q

df (Q)

P-value

Tau

P-value

Positive Scale

 Total

18

14.7

12.9

16.5

0.00

95.8%

453.5

17

0.00

0.3

0.05

SSD %

 100

14

15.0

12.8

17.2

0.00

96.7%

443.7

13

0.00

0.3

0.10

 < 100

4

12.9

11.9

14.0

0.00

26.3%

5.1

3

0.16

0.6

0.33

Male %

 100

11

13.8

11.7

16.0

0.00

95.6%

274.4

10

0.00

0.4

0.06

 < 100

5

16.9

12.9

20.9

0.00

95.9%

106.5

4

0.00

−0.2

0.82

Mean age

 ≥ 36.6

13

14.8

12.7

16.8

0.00

94.7%

252.5

12

0.00

0.3

0.16

 < 36.6

5

14.2

10.3

18.2

0.00

97.7%

174.9

4

0.00

0.4

0.48

Negative Scale

Total

17

16.8

15.2

18.3

0.00

93.6%

418.6

16

0.00

0.1

0.54

SSD %

 100

14

16.5

14.7

18.3

0.00

94.8%

399.6

13

0.00

0.1

0.59

 < 100

3

17.7

15.1

20.3

0.00

74.7%

8.5

2

0.01

0.3

1.00

Male %

 100

11

16.1

14.0

18.2

0.00

94.8%

329.5

10

0.00

0.4

0.09

 < 100

5

17.6

15.2

20.1

0.00

89.2%

31.3

4

0.00

0.0

1.00

Mean age

 ≥ 36.6

13

17.0

15.2

18.9

0.00

93.8%

386.6

12

0.00

−0.0

0.95

 < 36.6

4

15.7

12.8

18.5

0.00

91.7%

26.2

3

0.00

0.3

0.75

General Scale

Total

15

31.4

28.3

34.4

0.00

95.9%

513.6

14

0.00

−0.0

0.92

SSD %

 100

12

31.3

27.6

35.1

0.00

96.9%

503.7

11

0.00

−0.1

0.55

 < 100

3

31.2

27.8

34.6

0.00

74.9%

8.6

2

0.01

−0.3

1.00

Male %

 100

10

30.8

26.6

35.1

0.00

96.5%

457.5

9

0.00

0.3

0.16

 < 100

5

32.2

28.5

35.9

0.00

93.2%

56.1

4

0.00

−0.4

0.48

Mean age

 ≥ 36.6

11

31.4

27.5

35.3

0.00

96.5%

458.6

10

0.00

0.0

1.00

 < 36.6

4

31.0

26.8

35.2

0.00

92.8%

46.1

3

0.00

−0.3

0.75

Total scale

Total

17

65.3

57.8

72.8

0.00

99.0%

2478.9

16

0.00

−0.1

0.60

SSD %

 100

12

67.5

57.4

77.7

0.00

99.4%

2147.6

11

0.00

−0.2

0.25

 < 100

5

59.4

53.6

65.2

0.00

84.0%

25.5

4

0.00

0.6

0.23

Male %

 100

9

69.9

58.0

81.8

0.00

99.4

1364.7

8

0.00

−0.3

0.26

 < 100

6

60.3

50.2

70.4

0.00

97.0%

199.7

5

0.00

0.2

0.72

Mean age

 ≥ 36.6

12

65.3

55.8

74.9

0.00

98.6%

1239.9

11

0.00

−0.2

0.38

 < 36.6

5

64.9

52.1

77.7

0.00

98.9%

1021.3

4

0.00

−0.2

0.82