Study subgroups | N of studies | Mean ratings | Heterogeneity | Publication bias | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | CI 95% | P-value | I2 (%) | Group heterogeneity | Begg’s test | ||||||
Lower limit | Upper limit | Q | df (Q) | P-value | Tau | P-value | |||||
Positive Scale | |||||||||||
Total | 18 | 14.7 | 12.9 | 16.5 | 0.00 | 95.8% | 453.5 | 17 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.05 |
SSD % | |||||||||||
100 | 14 | 15.0 | 12.8 | 17.2 | 0.00 | 96.7% | 443.7 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.10 |
< 100 | 4 | 12.9 | 11.9 | 14.0 | 0.00 | 26.3% | 5.1 | 3 | 0.16 | 0.6 | 0.33 |
Male % | |||||||||||
100 | 11 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 16.0 | 0.00 | 95.6% | 274.4 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.4 | 0.06 |
< 100 | 5 | 16.9 | 12.9 | 20.9 | 0.00 | 95.9% | 106.5 | 4 | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.82 |
Mean age | |||||||||||
≥ 36.6 | 13 | 14.8 | 12.7 | 16.8 | 0.00 | 94.7% | 252.5 | 12 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.16 |
< 36.6 | 5 | 14.2 | 10.3 | 18.2 | 0.00 | 97.7% | 174.9 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.4 | 0.48 |
Negative Scale | |||||||||||
Total | 17 | 16.8 | 15.2 | 18.3 | 0.00 | 93.6% | 418.6 | 16 | 0.00 | 0.1 | 0.54 |
SSD % | |||||||||||
100 | 14 | 16.5 | 14.7 | 18.3 | 0.00 | 94.8% | 399.6 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.1 | 0.59 |
< 100 | 3 | 17.7 | 15.1 | 20.3 | 0.00 | 74.7% | 8.5 | 2 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 1.00 |
Male % | |||||||||||
100 | 11 | 16.1 | 14.0 | 18.2 | 0.00 | 94.8% | 329.5 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.4 | 0.09 |
< 100 | 5 | 17.6 | 15.2 | 20.1 | 0.00 | 89.2% | 31.3 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.00 |
Mean age | |||||||||||
≥ 36.6 | 13 | 17.0 | 15.2 | 18.9 | 0.00 | 93.8% | 386.6 | 12 | 0.00 | −0.0 | 0.95 |
< 36.6 | 4 | 15.7 | 12.8 | 18.5 | 0.00 | 91.7% | 26.2 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.75 |
General Scale | |||||||||||
Total | 15 | 31.4 | 28.3 | 34.4 | 0.00 | 95.9% | 513.6 | 14 | 0.00 | −0.0 | 0.92 |
SSD % | |||||||||||
100 | 12 | 31.3 | 27.6 | 35.1 | 0.00 | 96.9% | 503.7 | 11 | 0.00 | −0.1 | 0.55 |
< 100 | 3 | 31.2 | 27.8 | 34.6 | 0.00 | 74.9% | 8.6 | 2 | 0.01 | −0.3 | 1.00 |
Male % | |||||||||||
100 | 10 | 30.8 | 26.6 | 35.1 | 0.00 | 96.5% | 457.5 | 9 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.16 |
< 100 | 5 | 32.2 | 28.5 | 35.9 | 0.00 | 93.2% | 56.1 | 4 | 0.00 | −0.4 | 0.48 |
Mean age | |||||||||||
≥ 36.6 | 11 | 31.4 | 27.5 | 35.3 | 0.00 | 96.5% | 458.6 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.00 |
< 36.6 | 4 | 31.0 | 26.8 | 35.2 | 0.00 | 92.8% | 46.1 | 3 | 0.00 | −0.3 | 0.75 |
Total scale | |||||||||||
Total | 17 | 65.3 | 57.8 | 72.8 | 0.00 | 99.0% | 2478.9 | 16 | 0.00 | −0.1 | 0.60 |
SSD % | |||||||||||
100 | 12 | 67.5 | 57.4 | 77.7 | 0.00 | 99.4% | 2147.6 | 11 | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.25 |
< 100 | 5 | 59.4 | 53.6 | 65.2 | 0.00 | 84.0% | 25.5 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.6 | 0.23 |
Male % | |||||||||||
100 | 9 | 69.9 | 58.0 | 81.8 | 0.00 | 99.4 | 1364.7 | 8 | 0.00 | −0.3 | 0.26 |
< 100 | 6 | 60.3 | 50.2 | 70.4 | 0.00 | 97.0% | 199.7 | 5 | 0.00 | 0.2 | 0.72 |
Mean age | |||||||||||
≥ 36.6 | 12 | 65.3 | 55.8 | 74.9 | 0.00 | 98.6% | 1239.9 | 11 | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.38 |
< 36.6 | 5 | 64.9 | 52.1 | 77.7 | 0.00 | 98.9% | 1021.3 | 4 | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.82 |