The effect of cognitive behavior therapy on anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Quality assessment of included studies according Grade approach

Quality assessment											MD (95% CI)^a	Certainty
No. of studies	Design	Risk of bias		Inconsistency		Indirectness		Imprecision		Publication bias	CBT	Certainty
CBT versus control for anxiety
11	Randomized trials		Serious risk of bias^a		Serious inconsistency^b		No serious indirectness		No serious imprecision	Undetected	− 0.95 (− 1.29 to − 0.62)	Low ⨁OOO
CBT versus control for depression
6	Randomized trials		Serious risk of bias^a		Very Serious Inconsistency^b		No serious indirectness		Serious imprecision	Undetected	− 0.58 (− 1.00 to − 0.16)	Very low ⨁OOO

^aMean difference (95% confidence interval)
^bIn most of the studies randomization method have not been reported. No blinding have been used due to kind of intervention
^cSubstantial inconsistency (I² = 94%)

ISSN: 1744-859X