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Table 2 Comparison of cognitive function and other clinical data according to group at baseline

From: The impact of depression on language function in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease: a pre/post-treatment design

 

AD

Elderly without dementia

AD + D vs. AD − D

LLD vs. HC

AD + D (mean ± SD)

AD − D (mean ± SD)

LLD (mean ± SD)

HC (mean ± SD)

p value

Cohen’s d/ηp2

p value

Cohen’s d/ηp2

Depressive symptoms

CSDD

14.92 ± 6.95

1.75 ± 2.05

–

–

0.000

2.57

–

–

HAMD

–

–

14.13 ± 5.48

0.20 ± 0.56

–

 

0.000

3.58

SGDS-K

11.55 ± 3.16

2.44 ± 2.48

9.67 ± 3.81

1.07 ± 1.58

0.000

3.21

0.000

2.95

Cognitive function

MMSE-KC

16.03 ± 2.97

17.31 ± 3.58

24.33 ± 3.01

27.07 ± 2.74

0.242

0.023

0.048*

0.148

Word Fluency

6.52 ± 2.90

7.39 ± 3.37

11.07 ± 2.63

13.67 ± 2.82

0.474

0.009

0.169

0.074

K-BNT

4.76 ± 2.31

6.61 ± 3.17

9.00 ± 2.70

11.27 ± 2.43

0.024*

0.082

0.237

0.055

Word List Memory

8.00 ± 3.18

8.48 ± 3.154

16.71 ± 4.97

18.40 ± 3.36

0.550

0.008

0.287

0.047

Word List Recall

1.42 ± 1.35

1.18 ± 1.13

5.57 ± 2.03

5.40 ± 1.77

0.602

0.006

0.932

0.000

Word List Recognition

4.05 ± 3.40

4.52 ± 3.02

8.71 ± 3.22

9.07 ± 1.03

0.456

0.012

0.364

0.034

Constructional Praxis

5.93 ± 2.15

6.89 ± 2.36

8.60 ± 1.84

9.47 ± 1.81

0.358

0.014

0.706

0.006

Constructional Recall

1.14 ± 1.41

1.19 ± 1.83

3.40 ± 1.84

6.13 ± 3.38

0.736

0.002

0.262

0.050

SBT-K

20.32 ± 5.73

17.69 ± 6.72

5.07 ± 5.85

2.33 ± 2.77

0.234

0.024

0.422

0.026

DSTF

4.17 ± 0.82

4.46 ± 1.07

4.93 ± 1.34

5.80 ± 1.37

0.822

0.001

0.398

0.029

DSTB

2.21 ± 1.06

2.37 ± 1.03

2.73 ± 1.34

3.47 ± 0.92

0.845

0.001

0.135

0.087

Contrasting Program

10.08 ± 7.46

11.86 ± 7.06

17.47 ± 3.52

19.87 ± 0.35

0.491

0.009

0.029*

0.176

Go/No-Go

8.96 ± 6.61

9.69 ± 6.43

12.87 ± 6.12

19.93 ± 0.26

0.927

0.000

0.000***

0.390

Semantic Fluency

15.71 ± 4.12

14.91 ± 6.65

24.85 ± 5.46

33.43 ± 6.96

0.335

0.017

0.030*

0.197

Phonemic Fluency

7.200 ± 7.24

7.44 ± 8.14

17.08 ± 11.20

28.13 ± 10.05

0.820

0.001

0.241

0.062

Stroop color

24.08 ± 16.15

32.56 ± 18.52

62.85 ± 22.09

79.27 ± 20.40

0.251

0.040

0.325

0.042

Others

S-IADL

18.00 ± 9.40

18.36 ± 8.37

4.40 ± 2.41

0.73 ± 0.96

0.872

−0.04

0.000***

2.00

BDS–ADL

2.17 ± 1.85

1.97 ± 1.41

–

–

0.623

0.12

–

–

NPI

7.36 ± 5.00

3.53 ± 3.86

–

–

0.001**

0.86

–

–

WHO-5

28.41 ± 22.46

60.03 ± 17.91

21.60 ± 17.75

66.13 ± 19.06

0.000***

−1.56

0.000***

−2.42

SIS

7.55 ± 3.10

5.08 ± 0.28

6.00 ± 2.73

4.67 ± 1.29

0.000***

1.12

0.098

0.62

Suicidality

4.83 ± 6.57

0.08 ± 0.28

2.13 ± 2.92

0.33 ± 1.29

0.001**

1.02

0.042*

0.80

  1. The cognitive functions were compared by ANCOVA after controlling for age, sex, and educational duration. Psychosocial and other variables were compared by independent sample t test. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d (for an independent sample t test) and/or partial eta squared (ηp2) (for an ANCOVA)
  2. AD + D, Alzheimer’s disease with depression; AD − D, Alzheimer’s disease without depression; LLD, late-life depression; HC, healthy controls; SD, standard deviation; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; HAMD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; SGDS-K, Short Geriatric Depression Scale-Korean version; MMSE-KC, Korean version mini-mental state examination; K-BNT, Korean version of the Boston Naming Test; SBT-K, Korean version of Short Blessed test; DSTF, Digit Span Forward; DSTB, Digit Span Backward; S-IADL, Seoul Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; BDS-ADL, Blessed Dementia Scale–Activities of Daily Living; WHO-5, Korean version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index; SIS, Suicidal Ideation Scale
  3. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X