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Table 3 Comparison of changes in clinical variables between pre- and post-treatment

From: The impact of depression on language function in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease: a pre/post-treatment design

 

AD

Elderly without dementia

AD + D vs. AD − D

LLD vs. HC

AD + D (mean ± SD)

AD − D (mean ± SD)

LLD (mean ± SD)

HC (mean ± SD)

p value

Cohen’s d

p value

Cohen’s d

Depressive symptoms

CSDD

8.15 ± 7.46

0.06 ± 2.28

–

–

0.000***

1.467

–

–

HAMD

–

–

11.20 ± 7.24

−0.20 ± 1.08

–

–

0.000***

2.202

SGDS-K

3.76 ± 4.60

−1.25 ± 4.42

6.54 ± 4.29

−0.86 ± 2.18

0.000***

1.110

0.000***

2.175

Cognitive function

MMSE-KC

1.93 ± 3.37

0.08 ± 3.45

0.73 ± 3.08

0.13 ± 2.03

0.034*

0.542

0.534

0.235

Word Fluency

1.24 ± 3.17

0.60 ± 3.27

1.15 ± 2.48

1.00 ± 2.50

0.431

0.199

0.870

0.060

K-BNT

1.48 ± 2.50

−0.06 ± 1.43

0.00 ± 2.48

0.13 ± 1.30

0.005**

0.756

0.864

0.065

Word List Memory

2.26 ± 5.44

1.16 ± 3.40

1.17 ± 2.95

1.07 ± 3.73

0.374

0.242

0.940

0.029

Word List Recall

0.95 ± 1.68

0.28 ± 1.30

0.50 ± 1.78

1.13 ± 1.73

0.120

0.446

0.360

0.358

Word List Recognition

1.67 ± 4.19

0.47 ± 3.41

0.83 ± 2.33

0.53 ± 0.83

0.278

0.314

0.646

0.171

Constructional Praxis

0.28 ± 1.67

0.67 ± 1.99

−0.08 ± 1.55

0.07 ± 1.44

0.401

0.212

0.801

0.100

Constructional Recall

0.04 ± 1.43

−0.50 ± 1.78

1.62 ± 3.25

0.60 ± 3.27

0.199

0.334

0.419

0.312

SBT-K

2.25 ± 5.64

−0.31 ± 5.88

0.54 ± 5.93

1.27 ± 2.22

0.084

0.444

0.662

0.163

DSTF

0.04 ± 0.91

0.34 ± 0.91

−0.08 ± 0.95

0.13 ± 1.06

0.215

0.329

0.588

0.208

DSTB

−0.04 ± 0.62

0.17 ± 0.95

−0.15 ± 0.80

0.13 ± 1.30

0.341

0.261

0.497

0.304

Contrasting Program

2.46 ± 7.92

3.06 ± 5.66

1.69 ± 3.25

0.13 ± 0.35

0.736

0.087

0.110

0.674

Go/No-Go

2.08 ± 7.92

0.63 ± 5.67

4.33 ± 5.96

−0.60 ± 1.18

0.414

0.210

0.007**

1.147

Semantic Fluency

2.00 ± 5.53

0.70 ± 5.10

2.25 ± 3.72

2.43 ± 4.03

0.362

0.244

0.908

0.046

Phonemic Fluency

2.47 ± 5.04

2.03 ± 4.12

1.92 ± 7.28

0.67 ± 5.88

0.757

0.095

0.625

0.188

Stroop color

5.54 ± 12.49

6.08 ± 12.22

8.82 ± 19.91

−0.43 ± 9.00

0.889

0.043

0.134

0.598

Others

S-IADL

0.14 ± 7.92

−0.39 ± 7.75

3.00 ± 2.97

−0.07 ± 1.14

0.788

0.07

0.003**

1.36

BDS–ADL

−0.09 ± 1.75

−0.55 ± 1.71

–

–

0.300

0.27

–

–

NPI

2.82 ± 4.80

0.85 ± 5.61

–

–

0.148

0.38

–

–

WHO-5

2.90 ± 28.04

−2.91 ± 22.38

34.93 ± 20.08

4.29 ± 19.87

0.360

0.23

0.000***

1.53

SIS

2.90 ± 3.08

0.08 ± 0.28

1.33 ± 3.24

−0.36 ± 1.34

0.000***

1.29

0.080

0.68

Suicidality

3.69 ± 5.27

0.03 ± 0.38

1.33 ± 3.06

0.36 ± 1.34

0.001**

0.98

0.270

0.41

  1. The cognitive function, psychosocial and other variables were compared by Independent sample t test. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d
  2. AD + D, Alzheimer’s disease with depression; AD − D, Alzheimer’s disease without depression; LLD, late-life depression; HC, healthy controls; SD, standard deviation; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; HAMD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; SGDS-K, Short Geriatric Depression Scale-Korean version; MMSE-KC, Korean version mini-mental state examination; K-BNT, Korean version of the Boston Naming Test; SBT-K, Korean version of Short Blessed test; DSTF, Digit Span Forward; DSTB, Digit Span Backward; S-IADL, Seoul Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; BDS-ADL, Blessed Dementia Scale–Activities of Daily Living; WHO-5, Korean version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index; SIS, Suicidal Ideation Scale
  3. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X