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Table 3 Repeated-measures ANOVA of the cognitive function before and after COVID-19 infection in patients with schizophrenia

From: Cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 Lebanese patients with schizophrenia

 

Patients having COVID-19 (n = 71)

Patients without COVID-19

(n = 24)

Repeated-measures ANOVA

Time effect

Group (COVID-19 positive vs negative) effect

Interaction (group x Time)

Before COVID-19 period

After COVID-19 period

t

p–value

Before COVID-19 period

After COVID-19 period

t

p-value

p

Effect size (n2)

p

Effect size (n2)

p

Effect size (n2)

Mean ± SD

[95% CI]

Mean ± SD

[95% CI]

Mean ± SD

[95% CI]

Mean ± SD

[95% CI]

Cognitive function

 BACS (global score)

−2.93 ± 1.25

[−3.23;−2.63]

−3.20 ± 1.37

[−3.52;−2.87]

2.70

0.009

−2.91 ± 1.20

[−3.42;−2.41]

−3.16 ± 1.04

[−3.60; −2.72]

1.16

0.256

0.749

0.001

0.046

3.59

0.409

0.008

 Verbal memory

(List learning)

−2.22 ± 1.05

[−2.47;−1.97]

−1.57 ± 1.55

[−1.93;−1.20]

−4.18

 < 0.001

−2.06 ± 0.96

[−2.47;−1.65]

−1.59 ± 1.15

[−2.08;−1.10]

−2.19

0.039

0.416

0.008

0.046

3.55

0.920

0.001

 Working memory

(Digit sequencing)

−1.86 ± 1.26

[−2.16;−1.56]

−2.43 ± 1.60

[−2.81;−2.05]

4.55

 < 0.001

−1.97 ± 1.23

[−2.49;−1.45]

−2.11 ± 1.40

[−2.70;−1.52]

0.54

0.592

0.051

0.046

0.047

3.53

0.081

0.037

 Motor speed

(Token motor task)

−2.46 ± 1.11

[−2.72;−2.20]

−3.21 ± 1.20

[−3.50;−2.92]

4.99

 < 0.001

−2.58 ± 1.03

[−3.01;−2.14]

−3.28 ± 1.07

[−3.73;−2.82]

2.66

0.014

0.958

0.001

0.301

1.94

0.385

0.009

 Verbal fluency

(Semantic, alphabetical)

−1.56 ± 0.97

[−1.79;−1.33]

−1.49 ± 1.07

[−1.74;−1.23]

−1.05

0.298

−1.44 ± 0.89

[−1.82;−1.06]

−1.45 ± 0.81

[−1.80;−1.11]

0.08

0.935

0.341

0.011

0.093

3.03

0.682

0.002

 Attention and speed of information processing

(Symbol coding)

−2.39 ± 1.27

[−2.69;−2.09]

−2.61 ± 0.99

[−2.85;−2.38]

2.68

0.009

−2.43 ± 0.76

[−2.76;−2.11]

−2.57 ± 0.85

[−2.93;−2.21]

0.79

0.435

0.694

0.002

0.149

2.61

0.548

0.004

 Executive function

(Tower of London)

−2.28 ± 2.07

[−2.77;−1.79]

−2.61 ± 2.00

[−3.08;−2.14]

1.64

0.106

−2.08 ± 1.89

[−2.88;−1.28]

−2.46 ± 1.99

[−3.30;−1.62]

1.47

0.155

0.111

0.031

0.080

3.07

0.570

0.004

  1. The repeated-measures ANOVA was performed taking the group (COVID + vs COVID-) by time adjusted for age, gender, education level, duration between BACS assessment, chlorpromazine equivalent dose and ADS score