Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics
From: The economic and humanistic burden of bipolar disorder in adults in the United States
Characteristic | Respondents with bipolar disorder by depressive symptom severity | Respondents with bipolar disorder (n = 3285) | General population (n = 6570) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None/mild (n = 1401) | Moderate (n = 889) | Severe (n = 1293) | |||
Age, mean (SD) | 38.8 (14.5) | 33.0 (12.2)a | 34.4 (11.5)a | 36.3 (13.3) | 35.9 (14.7) |
Female, n (%) | 833 (59.5%) | 513 (57.7%)a | 848 (65.6%)a | 2031 (61.8%) | 4046 (61.6%) |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
 White | 796 (56.8%) | 439 (49.4%)a | 738 (57.1%)a | 1828 (55.6%) | 3585 (54.6%) |
 Black | 203 (14.5%) | 132 (14.8%)a | 134 (10.4%)a | 433 (13.2%) | 878 (13.4%) |
 Hispanic | 273 (19.5%) | 208 (23.4%)a | 310 (24.0%)a | 700 (21.3%) | 1443 (22.0%) |
 Other | 129 (9.2%) | 110 (12.4%)a | 111 (8.6%)a | 324 (9.9%) | 664 (10.1%) |
Region, n (%) | |||||
 Northeast | 241 (17.2%) | 164 (18.4%) | 203 (15.7%) | 556 (16.9%) | 1171 (17.8%) |
 Midwest | 283 (20.2%) | 169 (19.0%) | 234 (18.1%) | 629 (19.1%) | 1341 (20.4%) |
 South | 577 (41.2%) | 393 (44.2%) | 564 (43.6%) | 1390 (42.3%) | 2629 (40.0%) |
 West | 300 (21.4%) | 163 (18.3%) | 292 (22.6%) | 710 (21.6%) | 1429 (21.8%) |
Marital status, n (%) | |||||
 Single | 808 (57.7%) | 521 (58.6%) | 730 (56.5%) | 1872 (57.0%) | 3809 (58.0%) |
 Married/living with Partner | 593 (42.3%) | 368 (41.4%) | 563 (43.5%) | 1413 (43.0%) | 2761 (42.0%) |
Education, n (%) | |||||
 Less than college/university | 1012 (72.2%) | 643 (72.3%)a | 988 (76.4%)a | 2405 (73.2%) | 4832 (73.5%) |
 College/university degree or higher | 389 (27.8%) | 246 (27.7%)a | 305 (23.6%)a | 880 (26.8%) | 1738 (26.5%) |
Any employment (full-time/part-time/self-employed), n (%) | 721 (51.5%) | 517 (58.2%)a | 647 (50.0%)a | 1743 (53.1%) | 3506 (53.4%) |
Any health insurance, n (%) | 1164 (83.1%) | 719 (80.9%)a | 1008 (78.0%)a | 2672 (81.3%) | 5308 (80.8%) |
Annual household income, n (%) | |||||
 Less than $50,000 | 880 (62.8%) | 521 (58.6%)a | 854 (66.0%)a | 2055 (62.6%) | 4227 (64.3%) |
 $50,000 or greater | 521 (37.2%) | 368 (41.4%)a | 439 (34.0%)a | 1230 (37.4%) | 2343 (35.7%) |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
 Never smoked | 559 (39.9%) | 383 (43.1%)a | 411 (31.8%)a | 1274 (38.8%) | 2507 (38.2%) |
 Former smoker | 332 (23.7%) | 178 (20.0%)a | 262 (20.3%)a | 736 (22.4%) | 1518 (23.1%) |
 Current smoker | 510 (36.4%) | 328 (36.9%)a | 620 (48.0%)a | 1275 (38.8%) | 2545 (38.7%) |
Any alcohol use, n (%) | 884 (63.1%) | 649 (73.0%)a | 887 (68.6%)a | 2197 (66.9%) | 4388 (66.8%) |
Any exercise in the past month, n (%) | 909 (64.9%) | 607 (68.3%)a | 764 (59.1%)a | 2103 (64.0%) | 4240 (64.5%) |
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.4 (8.0) | 28.7 (8.4) | 28.9 (8.5) | 28.9 (8.3) | 28.9 (8.2) |
CCI, mean (SD) | 0.7 (2.0) | 0.8 (1.6) a | 1.1 (2.3) a | 0.7 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.4)b |
Cardiometabolic comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
 Obesity | 566 (39.7%) | 303 (34.1%)a | 486 (37.6%)a | 1273 (38.8%) | 2400 (36.5%)b |
 Hypertension | 309 (22.1%) | 160 (18.0%)a | 308 (23.8%)a | 721 (21.9%) | 1141 (17.4%)b |
 Migraine | 270 (19.3%) | 207 (23.3%)a | 417 (32.3%)a | 827 (25.2%) | 940 (14.3%)b |
 Diabetes | 176 (12.6%) | 104 (11.7%) | 147 (11.4%) | 374 (11.4%) | 623 (9.5%) |
 Cardiovascular disease | 123 (8.8%) | 81 (9.1%) | 145 (11.2%) | 288 (8.8%) | 431 (6.6%)b |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 47 (3.4%) | 32 (3.6%) | 63 (4.9%) | 111 (3.4%) | 149 (2.3%)b |
PHQ-9, mean (SD) | 4.9 (3.3) | 12.1 (1.4)a | 19.9 (3.9)a | 12.0 (7.2) | 7.6 (7.0)b |
GAD-7, mean (SD) | 5.7 (4.8) | 10.1 (4.1)a | 14.5 (4.9)a | 9.9 (6.1) | 6.1 (5.8)b |