Table 1 Extracted data from included studies on somatic and cognitive symptoms

Klein et al. [47]

–

63 outpatients

100% female

15 volunteers (control group

100% female

Pervasive anhedonia

Loss of interest

Decreased energy Insomnia

Hypersomnia

Loss of weight or appetite

Increased weight or appetite

Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Guilt

Feelings of inadequacy or worthlessness

Psychomotor retardation

Psychomotor agitation

Suicidal thoughts or behaviour

Qualitative difference in mood

Lack of reactivity of mood

Diurnal variation (a.m. worse)

Crying or tearfulness

Social withdrawal

Dependency

Irritability

Brooding

Self-pity

Somatic complaints

Pessimism or hopelessness

DEQ

BDI-R

CRSD

Discriminant analysis (alpha sets at 0.01)

Self-criticism

Loss of interest (overall Rao’s V = 11.17, change in V = 9.50, p = 0.002)

Irritability (overall Rao’s V = 6.17 change in V = 6.07, p = 0.01)

Dependency

Crying or tearfulness (overall Rao’s V = 22.69, change in K = 11.78,

p < 0.001)

Presence of both dependency and self-criticism

Decreased energy (overall Rao’s V = 32.95, change in V = 31.99,

p < 0.001)

Robins and Luten [69]

USA

50 depressed sample

26% male

(n = 13)

74% female

(n = 37)

Mean age = 44.12

SD =  ± 11.80

Crying

Variability of mood

Reactivity of mood

Feeling lonely

Loss of interest or pleasure

Loss of interest in people

Self-blame

Irritability

Concern about inability to function

PSI

ICF

Exploratory analysis

Sociotropy

Crying

Mood-variability and reactivity

Loneliness

Autonomy

Loss of interest or pleasure

Loss of interest in people

Self-blame, irritability, concern about inability to function

Robins et al. [71]

Ontario

103 patients

38 men

65 females

Mean age = 39.8

SD = 11.1

Theoretical sociotropic symptoms composite:

Sad feelings

Crying

Decision-making difficulty

Negative body image

Somatization

Depressed mood

General somatic problems

Somatic anxiety

Positive psychic anxiety

Anxiety and phobic anxiety

Theoretical autonomous symptoms composite:

Hopelessness

Guilt

Self-blame

Feeling like a failure

Punishment

Irritability

Loss of satisfaction

Disappointment in self

Loss of functioning

Feelings of guilt

Difficulty working

Social withdrawal

Self-blame

Hopelessness

Loss of interest

Worthlessness

Feeling critical of others

PSI

BDI

HRSD

SCL-90

SCID-I

Correlational analysis

Exploratory analysis

Stronger correlation between autonomy and autonomous symptoms than with theoretically sociotropic symptoms (z = 3.03, p < 0.01)

Sociotropy did not show the predicted pattern

Sociotropy was strongly and significantly related to the sociotropic symptoms; instead, autonomy showed the opposite pattern

Desmet et al. [30]

Belgium

163 outpatients

28.22% male

(n = 46)

71.77% female

(n = 117)

Age range 19–64 years,

M = 39.45

SD =  ± 9.97

Sadness

Pessimism

Past failure

Guilty feelings

Punishment feelings

Self-dislike

Self-criticalness

Suicidal thoughts

Crying

Agitation

Loss of interest

Indecisiveness

Worthlessness

Loss of energy

Changes in sleeping

Irritability

Changes in appetite

Concentration difficulty

Tiredness or fatigue

Loss of interest in sex

DEQ dependency (DEP) and self-criticism (SC) subscales

BDI-II somatic and cognitive subscales

Regression analysis

Conservative significance test (p < 0.01)

F-test

Raw items score

DEQ-DEP:

Indecisiveness [ß = 0.229; F (1,25) = 8.811; p = 0.003]

Worthlessness [ß = 0.251; F (1,25) = 12.280; p = 0.001]

DEQ-SC:

Pessimism [ß = 0.215; F (1,25) = 7.551; p = 0.007]

Past failure [ß = 0.324; F (1,25) = 19.123; p = 0.000]

Guilty feelings [ß = 0.356; F (1,25) = 23.325; p = 0.000]

Self-dislike [ß = 0.390; F (1,25) = 29.484; p = 0.000]

Self-criticalness [ß = 0.391; F (1,25) = 28.675; p = 0.000]

Crying [ß = 0.240; F (1,25) = 9.772; p = 0.002]

Indecisiveness [ß = 0.234; F (1,25) = 9.561; p = 0.002]

Worthlessness [ß = 0.396; F (1,25) = 31.599; p = 0.000]

After ipsatization

DEQ-DEP:

Worthlessness [ß = 0.008; F (1,155) = 8.849; p = 0.003]

DEQ-SC:

Self-dislike [ß = 0.390; F (1,155) = 8.228; p = 0.005]

Self-criticalness [ß = 0.391; F (1,155) = 10.219; p = 0.002]

Worthlessness [ß = 0.396; F (1,155) = 12.086; p = 0.001]

Luyten et al. [51]

Belgium

93 depressed sample

27 males

66 females

Mean age = 39.24

SD = 9.46

Dependent symptom composites (D-COM):

Sad mood

Crying spells

Feeling ugly

Worrying about physical Problems

Constipation

Tachycardia

Crying easily

Feeling lonely

Worrying too much about things

Feeling hurt and rejected

Self-critical symptom composites (SC-COM):

Pessimism

Feelings of failure

Lack of satisfaction

Guilty feelings

Sense of punishment

Self-hatred

Self-blame

Irritability

Social withdrawal

Indecisiveness

Work inhibition

Personal devaluation

Feeling easily annoyed or irritated

Feeling of being caught or trapped

Feeling blocked in getting things done

DEQ

BDI

Zung SDS

SCL-90 (Depression subscale

Bivariate correlation

Partial correlation

Dependency didn’t show a strong relation with the dependent composite in (Hotelling’s t(90) = 1.90, ns)

Self-criticism showed a strong relation to self-critical composite (Hotelling’s t(90) =− 3.49, Ps < 0.01)

Controlling for the self-critical symptom composite, dependency resulted more strongly related to the dependent symptom composite (Ps < 0.001)

Otani et al. [59]

Japan

362 healthy volunteers

58.02% male

(n = 210)

41.98% female

(n = 152)

Mean age = 31.6

SD =  ± 9.8

Interpersonal sensitivity

SAS

IPSM total and Interpersonal Awareness, Separation anxiety, Timidity and Fragile Inner Self subscales

Linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis

Authors considered a p-value less than 0.05 statistically significant

Correlational analysis among IPSM and SAS scores

Sociotropy

IPSM total (r = 0.621; p < 0.001)

Interpersonal awareness (r = 0.551; p < 0.001)

Separation anxiety (r = 0.569; p < 0.001)

Timidity (r = 0.513; p < 0.001)

Fragile inner self (r = 0.419; p < 0.001)

Autonomy

IPSM total (r = 0.152; p < 0.01)

Interpersonal awareness (r = 0.114; p < 0.05)

Separation anxiety (r = 0.160; p < 0.01)

Fragile inner self (r = 0.193; p < 0.001)

Multiple regression

Sociotropy

IPSM total (ß = 0.613; p < 0.001)

Interpersonal Awareness (ß = 0.547; p < 0.001)

Separation Anxiety (ß = 0.558; p < 0.001)

Timidity (ß = 0.518; p < 0.001)

Fragile Inner Self (ß = 0. 0.398; p < 0.001)

Autonomy

Fragile Inner Self (ß = 0.130; p < 0.01)

Straccamore et al. [79]

Italy

51 outpatients

33.33% male

(n = 17)

66.66% female

(n = 34)

Mean age = 51.59

SD =  ± 11.68

Sadness

Pessimism

Past failure

Loss of pleasure

Guilty feelings

Punishment feelings

Self-dislike

Self-criticalness

Suicidal thoughts

Crying

Agitation

Loss of interest

Indecisiveness

Worthlessness

Loss of energy

Changes in sleeping

Irritability

Changes in appetite

Concentration difficulty

Tiredness or fatigue

Loss of interest in sex

Depressed mood

Anxiety psychic

Anxiety somatic

Retardation

Depersonalization and derealization

DEQ

CDI

HAMD

BDI-II

Regression analysis

Relation between DEQ personality factors and BDI-II symptoms

Self-criticism

Pessimism (β = 0.379, t = 2.869, p = 0.006)

Past Failure (β = 0.436, t = 3.391, p = 0.001)

Guilty Feelings (β = 0.406, t = 3.112, p = 0.003)

Punishment Feelings (β = 0.341, t = 2.540, p = 0.014)

Self-dislike (β = 0.392, t = 2.987, p = 0.004)

Self-criticalness (β = 0.437, t = 3.400, p = 0.001)

Loss of interest (β = 0.328, t = 2.430, p = 0.019)

Indecisiveness (β = 0.306, t = 2.248, p = 0.029)

Change in Appetite (β = 0.363, t = 2.723, p = 0.009)

Concentration Difficulty (β = 0.299, t = 2.194, p = 0.033)

Tiredness or Fatigue (β = 0,321, t = 2.375, p = 0.021)

Dependency

Guilty feelings (β = 0.383, t = 2.898, p = 0.006)

Relation between DEQ personality factors and HAMD symptoms

Self-criticism

Depressed Mood (β = 0.396, t = 3.022, p = 0.004)

Anxiety Psychic (β = 0.294, t = 2.157, p = 0.036)

Anxiety Somatic (β = 0.336, t = 2.496, p = 0.016)

Dependency

Retardation (β = 0.298, t = 2.188, p = 0.033)

Anxiety Psychic (β = 0.321, t = 2.373, p = 0.022)

Depersonalization and Derealization (β =  − 0.358, t =  − 2.685, p = 0.010)