Table 2 Associated factors for depression among elderly populations

Demography

> 80 years

NR

NR

NR

Swarnalatha et al. 2013

Females

NR

NR

NR

Illiterates

NR

NR

NR

Socioeconomic status

Those who were below the poverty line

NR

NR

NR

Those who were living alone

NR

NR

NR

Economic dependency

Those who were economically partially dependent

NR

NR

NR

ADL

Those depended totally for the activities of daily living

NR

NR

NR

Sociodemographic characteristics

Female gender

4.75

2.1, 10.7

Strong

Ashe et al. 2019

Socioeconomic status

Low socioeconomic class

9.36

3.69, 23.76

Strong

Health conditions and comorbidities

Diabetes mellitus

2.76

1.27, 5.98

Moderate

Hypertension

2.15

1.06, 4.36

Moderate

Life events

Death in family members

5.52

2.08, 14.65

Strong

Conflicts in family

5.78

2.55, 13.09

Strong

Chronic illness in family members

6.77

1.47, 31.13

Strong

Socio-demographic characteristics

Not married

10.1

3.89, 26.18

Strong

Girma et al. 2016

Those with no formal education

3.6

1.45, 9.07

Strong

Elderly who attended primary school

0.28

0.1, 0.78

Weak

Substance use and clinical related

Those who had chronic illness

3.47

1.5, 7.7

Strong

Elderly with cognitive impairments

2.77

1.18, 6.47

Moderate

Substance use

2.6

1.07, 6.28

Moderate

Socio-demographic characteristics

Female sex

1.72

1.12, 2.66

Weak

Mirkena et al. 2018

Trading

2.44

1.32, 4.57

Moderate

Living with children

3.19

1.14, 8.93

Strong

Retirement

3.94

2.11, 7.35

Strong

Characteristics of the participants

Frequency of children’s visits

NR

NR

NR

He et al. 2016

Living situation

NR

NR

NR

Physical activity

NR

NR

NR

Number of chronic diseases

NR

NR

NR

Education level

NR

NR

NR

Demographic characteristics

Lack of social engagement

0.313

0.134, 0.731

Weak

Cong et al. 2015

Low family support

0.431

0.292, 0.636

Weak

Chronic disease

2.378

1.588, 3.561

Moderate

Disturbed sleep

1.822

1.187, 2.798

Weak

Behaviors and life events

Religious belief

3.92

1.18, 13.03

Strong

Feng et al. 2014

Suffering from more chronic diseases

1.70

1.42, 2.04

Weak

Lack of ability to take self-care

2.20

1.09, 4.48

Moderate

Socio-demographic characteristics

Religion (Non-Christians)

5.67

2.10, 15.27

Strong

Kugbey et al. 2018

Living arrangement (Alone)

2.36

1.16, 4.83

Moderate

Chronic illness (Not having chronic illness)

0.25

0.13, 0.47

Weak

Socio-demographic and psychosocial profiles

Low income

1.78

1.08, 2.91

Weak

Rajkumar et al. 2009

Experiencing hunger

2.58

1.56, 4.26

Moderate

History of cardiac illnesses

4.75

1.96, 11.52

Strong

Transient ischemic attack

2.43

1.17–5.05

Moderate

Past head injury

2.70

1.36, 5.36

Moderate

Diabetes

2.33

1.15, 4.72

Moderate

Having more confidants

0.13

0.06, 0.26

Weak

Socio-demographic characteristics

Illiteracy

2.01

1.08, 3.75

Moderate

Simkhada et al. 2017

Physical immobility

5.62

1.76, 17.99

Strong

The presence of physical health problems

1.97

1.03, 3.77

Weak

Not having any time spent with family members

3.55

1.29, 9.76

Strong

Not being considered in family decision-making

4.02

2.01, 8.04

Strong

Socio-demographic characteristics

Rural habitation

1.6

1.1, 2.4

Weak

Manandhar et al. 2019

Illiteracy

2.1

1.1, 4.0

Moderate

Family support

Limited time provided by families

1.8

1.1, 2.9

Weak

Exposure to verbal and/or physical abuse

2.6

1.4, 4.8

Moderate

Sociodemographic–economic characteristics

Female gender

NR

NR

NR

Yaka et al. 2014

Being single or divorced

NR

NR

NR

Lower educational status

NR

NR

NR

Low income

NR

NR

NR

Unemployment

NR

NR

NR

Lack of health insurance

NR

NR

NR

Baseline characteristics and family relationship

Female sex

2.78

1.54, 7.49

Moderate

Charoensakulchai et al. 2019

Illiteracy

2.86

1.19, 6.17

Moderate

Current smoker

4.25

2.12, 10.18

Strong

Imbalanced family type (low attachment, low cooperation and poor alignment between each member)

4.52

2.14, 7.86

Strong

Sociodemographic characteristics

Not having a main daily activity in men

3.01

1.00, 9.13

Strong

Forlani et al. 2012

Health-Related Variables

Stroke in men

7.25

2.19, 24.06

Strong

Sociodemographic characteristics

Not living close to friends and family

2.540

1.442, 4.466

Moderate

Wilson et al. 2007

Poor satisfaction with living accommodation

0.840

0.735, 0.961

Weak

Poor satisfaction with finances

0.841

0.735, 0.961

Weak

Subsequent development of clinically significant depressive symptoms was associated with base line increased scores in depression

1.68

1.206, 2.341

Weak

Socio-demographic characteristics

Single elderly

3.27

1.66, 6.44

Strong

Manaf et al. 2016

Living with family

4.98

2.05, 12.10

Strong

Poor general health status

2.28

1.20, 4.36

Moderate

Clinical characteristics

Heart problems

3.3

1.2, 8.8

Strong

Almeida et al. 2014

ADL

Functional impairment

2.9

2.26, 3.78

Moderate

Weyerer et al. 2008

Socio-demographic characteristics

Smoking

1.6

1.03, 2.36

Weak

Multi-domain mild cognitive impairment

2.1

1.30, 3.43

Moderate

Socio-demographic characteristics

Female gender

10.64

5.09–21.82

Strong

Jadav et al. 2017

Unemployed/retired

7.37

2.49, 21.79

Strong

Illiterate

4.17

1.99, 8.72

Strong

Clinical related

Respiratory problems

5.47

2.63, 11.37

Strong

Socio-demographic characteristics

Female sex

NR

NR

NR

Sinha et al. 2013

Widowhood

NR

NR

NR

Problems related to social environment

Having no one to talk to (Mild to moderate depression)

3.3

2.5, 4.4

Strong

Kaji et al. 2010

Having no one to talk to (Severe depression)

5.0

3.6, 6.9

Strong

Problems with primary support group

Separation/divorce(Mild to moderate depression)

2.8

1.4, 5.3

Moderate

Health/illness/care of self(Severe depression)

0.8

0.6, 0.9

Weak

Socioeconomic characteristics

Socioeconomic deprivation at municipal levels

1.16

1.04, 1.30

Weak

Ferna´ndez et al. 2014

Socio-demographic characteristics

Poor education

NR

NR

NR

Al-Shammari et al. 1999

Unemployment

NR

NR

NR

Divorced or widowed status

NR

NR

NR

Old age

NR

NR

NR

Being a female

NR

NR

NR

Living in a remote rural area with poor housing arrangements

NR

NR

NR

Limited accessibility within the house and poor interior conditions

NR

NR

NR

Limited privacy, such as having a particular room specified for the elderly

NR

NR

NR

Lower incomes inadequate for personal needs as well as depending on charity or other relatives

NR

NR

NR

Socio demographic Profile

Unemployment

NR

NR

NR

Sidik et al. 2004

Socio-demographic Status

Aged 75 to 84 years

2.1

1.1, 3.9

Moderate

Subramaniam et al. 2016

Those of Indian ethnicity

4.1

1.1, 14.9

Strong

Those of Malay ethnicity

5.2

3.1, 8.7

Strong

Other Health Conditions

Those who had a history of depression diagnosis by a doctor

3.2

1.9, 5.4

Strong

Socio-demographic characteristics

Being retired

3.88

1.27, 11.76

Strong

Assil et al. 2013

Having social problems

3.27

1.45, 7.41

Strong

Having living problems

2.19

1.19, 3.94

Moderate

Physical illness

Those who had 4 or more infirmity

2.08

NR

Moderate

Haseen et al. 2011

Disability Assessment

Those who had medium disability

3.12

NR

Strong

Serious life events

Those who had 3 or more serious life events

5.25

NR

Strong

Socio-demographic characteristics

Female gender

1.8

NR

Weak

Ghubash et al. 2004

Insufficient income

3.8

NR

Strong

Being single, separated, divorced or widowed

2.1

NR

Moderate

Socio-demographic Characteristics

Age ≥ 75 years

5.08

2.21, 11.89

Strong

Abdo et al. 2011

Being female

2.56

1.55, 4.24

Moderate

Not married

4.47

2.52, 7.97

Strong

Having previous death event among the surrounding

7.68

3.57, 16.93

Strong

Respondent characteristics

Years of education

0.87

NR

Weak

McCall et al. 2002

Difficulties performing activities of daily living

1.72

NR

Weak

Enrolled in medicaid

2.67

NR

Moderate

Socio-demographic variables

Being female

Residing in rural or suburb

1.25

2.31

1.02, 1.54

1.88, 2.86

Weak

Moderate

Li et al. 2016

Currently not married or not

living with spouse

1.45

1.17, 1.80

Weak

Poor physical health

5.23

3.97, 6.88

Strong

Poor daily physical exercise

1.79

1.39, 2.29

Weak

Poor sleep quality

2.76

2.14, 3.56

Moderate

Socio-demographic variables

Low educational level

5.9

1.5, 22.6

Strong

Mendes-Chiloff et al. 2008

Death

5.5

1.7, 17.1

Strong

ADL

Dependence regarding basic ADL

5.1

2.2, 11.0

Strong

Socio-demographic variables

Illiterate or elementary school

1.68

1.2, 2.29

Weak

Li et al. 2016

Poor physical health

4.49

(3.15, 6.38

Strong

Poor daily physical exercise

1.51

1.07, 2.11

Weak

Poor sleep quality

3.25

2.33, 4.53

Strong

Socio-demographic

Financial fears regarding future

NR

NR

NR

Prashanth et al. 2015

Income insufficiency

NR

NR

NR