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Table 1 Sample characteristics

From: The impact of COVID-related perceived stress and social support on generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders: moderating effects of pre-pandemic mental disorders

 

Overall (n = 3500)

Outcome 1 GAD yes (n = 395)

Outcome 2 MDD yes (n = 407)

Outcome 3 GAD + MDD yes (n = 242)

Age (years), n (%)

 18–34

697 (22.10)

111 (28.10)***

116 (16.18)***

62 (8.53)**

 35–54

1501 (38.27)

180 (11.78)

177 (11.55)

112 (7.39)

 55–64

680 (15.94)

63 (8.77)

71 (10.09)

43 (6.06)

  + 65

622 (23.68)

41 (6.62)

43 (6.93)

25 (4.02)

Gender, n (%)

 

 Male

1538 (48.50)

119 (7.88)

126 (8.35)

79 (5.15)

 Female

1962 (51.50)

276 (13.75)***

281 (13.98)***

163 (8.04)***

Highest level of education, n (%)

 

  ≤ Primary

237 (7.65)

40 (15.40)***

40 (15.91)***

27 (10.37)***

 Secondary

1856 (52.7)

225 (11.78)

243 (12.52)

145 (7.44)

  ≥ Tertiary

1407 (39.5)

130 (8.87)

124 (8.65)

70 (4.84)

Marital status, n (%)

 Single

1180 (35.3)

161 (13.49)**

174 (14.51)***

99 (8.17)**

 Married

1806 (49.7)

175 (9.08)

161 (8.40)

99 (5.14)

 Divorced/separated

319 (8.2)

41 (11.86)

51 (14.96)

31 (9.02)

 Widowed

195 (6.72)

18 (9.59)

21 (10.61)

13 (6.77)

Employment status, n (%)

 Employed

1788 (48.61)

187 (10.42)***

177 (9.89)***

98 (5.44)***

 Unemployed

784 (21.67)

116 (14.34)

124 (15.41)

82 (10.20)

 Student

131 (4.60)

22 (16.47)

24 (17.79)

13 (9.60)

 Retired/sick-paid

719 (25.13)

58 (7.42)

63 (7.88)

39 (4.75)

Number of rooms per person, mean (SD)

 Per unit increase

1.38 (0.83)

1.24 (0.70)***

1.30 (0.79)

1.31 (0.75)

Infection status, n (%)

 Negative

3406 (94.46)

381 (10.83)

392 (11.14)

238 (6.72)

 Positive

94 (2.54)

14 (13.62)

15 (15.41)

4 (3.34)

N. chronic physical conditions, n (%)

 None

2119 (60.30)

208 (9.55)***

208 (9.61)***

123 (5.66)***

 1

997 (28.60)

110 (10.49)

122 (11.68)

64 (6.03)

  > 1

384 (11.10)

77 (19.31)

77 (19.06)

55 (13.49)

Social supporta, mean (SD)

 Per unit increase

11.13 (1.89)

10.57 (2.33)***

10.43 (2.39)***

10.35 (2.45)***

COVID-related perceived stressb¸ mean (SD)

 Per unit increase

13.19 (4.91)

16.38 (4.8)***

15.93 (4.88)***

16.68 (4.89)***

Pre-pandemic mental disorder, n (%)

 No

2274 (65.65)

134 (5.59)***

136 (5.87)***

70 (2.95)***

 Yes

1226 (34.35)

261 (21.06)

271 (21.52)

172 (13.67)

  1. Unweighted frequencies and weighted proportions are displayed for categorical variables. Mean and standard deviation (SD) are shown for continuous variables. Percentages in the overall column show the distribution of the sample, while GAD, MDD and GAD+MDD columns show proportion by sample characteristics. Asterisks reflect difference in sample characteristics by GAD, MDD and GAD+MDD (yes vs no) as indicated by Chi- and Student’s t-tests. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  2. GAD generalized anxiety disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, COVID coronavirus infectious disease
  3. aScores ranged from 3 to 14 with higher scores representing higher levels of social support
  4. bScores ranged from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of perceived stress
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X