Table 1 Characteristic of the 27 studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors | Study type | Diagnosis SSD (%) | Forensic sample N (%male) MA (sd) | Setting | Illness duration (years) Mean (sd) | Length of stay (months) Mean (sd) | PANSS ratings in forensic patients | Non-forensic sample N (%male) MA (sd) | PANSS ratings in non-forensic patients | Quality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Mean (sd) | Negative Mean (sd) | General Mean (sd) | Total Mean (sd) | Positive Mean (sd) | Negative Mean (sd) | General Mean (sd) | Total Mean (sd) | |||||||||
*Buckley et al. [45] USA | Cross-sectional | 100% | 115 (81.7%) 36.6 (10.4) | Mix | 14.2 (9.8) | NA | 21.2 (8.1) | 17.2 (7.2) | 34.9 (10.3) | NA | 111 (76%) 41.8 (11.7) | 15.9 (6.0) | 17.0 (7.1) | 29.0 (8.0) | NA | High |
*Cullen et al. [34] UK | RCT | 100% | 44 (100%) 35.4 (11.4) 40 (100%) 35.4 (8.4) | In | NA | NA | 12.1 (4.4) 10.6 (4.1) | 14.2 (5.2) 14.5 (5.4) | NA NA | NA NA | – | – | – | – | – | High |
Davoren et al. [58] Ireland | Cohort | 82% | 86 (100%) 40.6 (12.8) On total sample | In | NA | 91.2 On total sample | N = 6; 20.3 N = 10; 13.6 N = 14; 19.2 N = 14; 13.0 N = 10; 14.6 N = 15; 11.5 N = 11; 9.5 N = 6; 9.3 | 23.8 22.3 22.2 15.4 21.1 17.1 11.8 11.0 | 36.3 31.5 33.7 28.4 29.1 26.3 22.8 22.7 | 80.5 67.4 75.1 56.7 64.8 54.9 44.1 43.0 | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Demirbuga et al. [41] Turkey | Cross-sectional | 100% | 41 (85.4%) 39.0 (8.4) | Out | NA | NA | 22.1 (7.4) | 18.5 (6.5) | 35.6 (6.7) | 76.5 (14.4) | 35 (65.7%) 39.1 (10.7) | 14.9 (7.4) | 14.9 (5.6) | 28.2 (10.4) | 58.0 (20.6) | High |
*Donnelly et al. [46] Ireland | Cohort | 84% | 75 (NA) 41.7 (12.1) On total sample | In | NA | 81.6 On total sample | N = 17; 15.5 (6.9) N = 58; 11.5 (5.0) | NA | NA | 62.5 (20.9) 50.2 (16.6) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Dornan et al. [47] Ireland | Cohort | 89.2% | 37 (91.8%) 32.3 (NA) | In | NA | 26.8 | 15.7 (8.1) | 20.1 (6.9) | 34.5 (7.9) | 70.4 (17.3) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Engelstad et al. [36] Norway | Cross-sectional | 100% | 26 (96%) 38.2 (7.3) | Mix | 15.7 (6.7) | NA | 11.3 (4.3) | 13.0 (5.3) | 25.4 (6.0) | 48.6 (12.9) | 28 (89%) 36.7 (10.1) | 10.0 (3.4) | 10.5 (3.1) | 23.4 (4.3) | 43.9 (7.0) | Low |
*Frommann et al. [42] Germany | Cross-sectional | 100% | 19 (100%) 35.3 (8.2) | In | 9.4 (8.8) | NA | 13.4 (4.0) | 15.3 (6.2) | 27.9 (6.2) | 56.7 (14.6) | 19 (100%) 34.7 (10.6) | 12.8 (3.4) | 14.9 (5.5) | 29.0 (5.7) | 56.8 (12.3) | Low |
*Hornsveld and Nijman [33] Netherlands | Case–control | 100% | 16 (100%) 33.0 (5.2) | In | NA | 20.4 | 9.9 (1.9) | 13.6 (2.5) | 26.9 (3.9) | 50.4 (4.5) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Horvath et al. [51] Germany | Cross-sectional | 100% | 56 (87.5%) 38.5 (10.5) | In | NA | 26.5 | NA | NA | NA | 44.4 (10.9) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Hundozi et al. [37] Kosovo | Prospective randomized | 100% | 65 (100%) 39.7 (8.7) | In | 15.5 (10.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 93.4 (8.6) | – | – | – | – | – | Low |
*Ivgi et al. [54] Israel | Cohort | 100% | 150 (100%) 37.2 (10.7) | In | NA | 21.7 | 11.7 (10.7) | 15.0 (10.6) | 23.2 (14.6) | 49.9 (31.5) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Kashiwagi et al. [38] Japan | Case–control | 100% | 30 (100%) 44.1 (11.5) | In | 18.0 (12.6) | 10.8 | 17.0 (5.6) | 20.2 (7.1) | 36.8 (9.9) | NA | 24 (100%) 40.3 (10.7) | 16.9 (7.1) | 18.4 (6.5) | 32.9 (11.5) | NA | High |
Kennedy et al. [48] Ireland | Cohort | 73.9% | 88 (91%) NA | In | NA | NA | 19.3 | 20.0 | 37.9 | 77.0 | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Margetić et al. [44] Croatia | Cross-sectional | 100% | 62 (100%) 43.2 (10.8) | In | NA | 72.4 | 21.1 (5.0) | 22.8 (4.9) | 45.3 (6.0) | 89.3 (13.5) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Margetić et al. [53] Croatia | Cross-sectional | 100% | 71 (100%) 43.6 (8.5) | Mix | NA | 78 | NA | NA | NA | 84.4 (15.7) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Naughton et al. [32] Ireland | Cohort | 100% 91% | 8 (100%) 35.6 (11.2) 11 (100%) 37.5 (10.6) | In | NA NA | 48 44 | 14.0 (6.3) 11.4 (3.7) | 17.5 (4.7) 17.7 (6.7) | 27.0 (6.6) 31.7 (8.6) | 58.8 (14.9) 60.7 (15.2) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Nishinaka et al. [39] Japan | Case–control | 98.6% | 71 (84.5%) 42.8 (11.9) | In | 18.1 (9.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 56.8 (19.6) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*O’Reilly et al. [43] Ireland | Cohort | 100% | 10 (NA) 36.1 (9.4) 79 (NA) 40.9 (12.7) Male 94.4% On total sample | In | NA NA | 36 96 | 21.6 (8.7) 13.7 (7.0) | 25.0 (6.5) 18.9 (7.9) | 43.6 (10.4) 29.2 (10.3) | 90.1 (19.4) 62.5 (20.0) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Pillay et al. [57] Ireland | Cross-sectional | 85.7% | 70 (100%) 42.6 (13.3) | In | NA | 111.6 | 12.8 (6.9) | 15.7 (8.3) | 29.3 (12.1) | 57.8 (24.8) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Richter et al. [35] Ireland | Cohort | 100% | 69 (NA) 39.7 (11.1) | In | NA | 95.3 | 14.3 (8.0) | 19.1 (7.9) | NA | 64.3 (21.8) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
Rutledge et al. [49] Ireland | Cross-sectional | 88.2% On total sample | 102 (91.2%) 38.1 (NA) On total sample | In | NA | NA | N = 75; 13.7 N = 27; 23.7 | 20.9 27.8 | 32.2 42.6 | 66.7 90.1 | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Storozheva et al. [52] Russia | Cross-sectional | 100% | 28 (100%) 35.3 (2.5) | In | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 86.8 (2.3) | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Taylor et al. [40] UK | RCT | 100% | 21 (100%) 40.7 (10.3) 15 (100%) 39.2 (10.6) | In | NA | NA | 10.3 (2.8) 10.8 (4.9) | 9.7 (2.0) 10.4 (3.1) | 24.0 (7.1) 23.4 (7.5) | NA NA | – | – | – | – | – | High |
*Teixeira et al. [55] Brazil | Case–control | 100% | 30 (100%) 38.0 (9.5) | In | 15.8 | NA | 18.7 (6.5) | 17.3 (6.6) | 35.7 (9.4) | NA | 30 (100%) 38.9 (9.5) | 18.5 (6.3) | 15.8 (5.2) | 34.3 (8.6) | NA | High |
*Vasic et al. [50] Germany | Cross-sectional | 100% | 29 (100%) 41.0 (9.3) | In | 13.6 | NA | 14.1 (7.2) | 16.2 (6.2) | 30.3 (7.6) | NA | 31 (100%) 39.0 (12.2) | 11.9 (3.9) | 13.1 (4.5) | 27.0 (6.6) | NA | High |
Vinokur et al. [56] Israel | Cohort | 100% | 60 (90%) 36.1 (9.3) 78 (89.7%) 19.9 (3.3) | In | NA NA | NA NA | 17.1 18.4 | 19.6 16.9 | 33.4 34.1 | 70.2 69.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | High | |