Table 4 Respiratory dysfunction-related factors (dyspnea, anemia, greater number of lobes involved in chest CT and carbon dioxide retention (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg)) were associated with abnormal PSQI scores in the acute stage of COVID-19
From: Sleep disorders in the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019: an overview and risk factor study
|  | Total | Dyspnea (n, %) | p value | Anemia (n, %) | p value | The number of lobes involved in chest CT (mean ± SD) | p value | Total | Carbon dioxide retention (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg) (n, %) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With | Without | With | Without | With | Without | ||||||||
Sleep quality | |||||||||||||
 Decreased | 38 | 16 (42.11) | 22 (57.89) | 0.046* | 8 (21.05) | 30 (78.95) | 0.797 | 3.92 ± 2.08 | 0.179 | 22 | 5 (22.73) | 17 (77.27) | 0.547 |
 Normal | 15 | 2 (13.33) | 13 (86.67) | 2 (13.33) | 13 (87.67) | 3.00 ± 2.45 | 5 | 0 (0.00) | 5 (100.00) | ||||
Sleep latency | |||||||||||||
 Prolonged | 33 | 15 (45.45) | 18 (54.55) | 0.023* | 9 (27.27) | 24 (72.73) | 0.139 | 4.19 ± 1.98 | 0.022* | 15 | 5 (33.33) | 10 (66.67) | 0.047* |
 Normal | 20 | 3 (15.00) | 17 (85.00) | 1 (5.00) | 19 (95.00) | 2.74 ± 2.33 | 12 | 0 (0.00) | 12 (100.00) | ||||
Sleep duration | |||||||||||||
 Decreased | 35 | 14 (40.00) | 21 (60.00) | 0.196 | 8 (22.86) | 27 (77.14) | 0.506 | 3.94 ± 2.02 | 0.117 | 19 | 5 (26.32) | 14 (73.68) | 0.280 |
 Normal | 18 | 4 (22.22) | 14 (77.78) | 2 (11.11) | 16 (88.89) | 2.88 ± 2.47 | 8 | 0 (0.00) | 8 (100.00) | ||||
Sleep efficiency | |||||||||||||
 Decreased | 24 | 11 (45.83) | 13 (54.17) | 0.097 | 8 (33.33) | 16 (66.67) | 0.036* | 4.22 ± 1.98 | 0.095 | 13 | 4 (30.77) | 9 (69.23) | 0.165 |
 Normal | 29 | 7 (24.14) | 22 (75.86) | 2 (6.90) | 27 (93.10) | 3.18 ± 2.31 | 14 | 1 (7.14) | 13 (92.86) | ||||
Sleep disturbances | |||||||||||||
 With | 47 | 17 (36.17) | 30 (63.83) | 0.623 | 8 (17.02) | 39 (82.98) | 0.684 | 3.80 ± 2.11 | 0.178 | 25 | 5 (20.00) | 20 (80.00) | 1.000 |
 Without | 6 | 1 (16.67) | 5 (83.33) | 2 (33.33) | 4 (66.67) | 2.50 ± 2.81 | 2 | 0 (0.00) | 2 (100.00) | ||||
Sleep medication usage | |||||||||||||
 With | 10 | 3 (30.00) | 7 (70.00) | 1.000 | 3 (30.00) | 7 (70.00) | 0.582 | 3.80 ± 2.20 | 0.810 | 5 | 2 (40.00) | 3 (60.00) | 0.221 |
 Without | 43 | 15 (34.88) | 28 (65.12) | 7 (16.28) | 36 (83.72) | 3.61 ± 2.24 | 22 | 3 (13.64) | 19 (86.36) | ||||
Daytime dysfunction | |||||||||||||
 With | 31 | 12 (38.71) | 19 (61.29) | 0.386 | 7 (22.58) | 24 (77.42) | 0.643 | 3.93 ± 2.02 | 0.296 | 19 | 5 (26.32) | 14 (73.68) | 0.280 |
 Without | 22 | 6 (27.27) | 16 (72.73) | 3 (13.64) | 19 (86.36) | 3.27 ± 2.43 | 8 | 0 (0.00) | 8 (100.00) | ||||