Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(8):e356–66.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Busso DS, McLaughlin KA, Brueck S, Peverill M, Gold AL, Sheridan MA. Child abuse, neural structure, and adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(4):321–328.e1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(5):378–85.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hardcastle K, Ashton K, Ford K, Quigg Z, et al. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health service use across the life course using a retrospective cohort study. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2017;22(3):168–77.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Zisk A. The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2014;23(2):185–222.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pechtel P, Pizzagalli DA. Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology. 2011;214(1):55–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Behere AP, Basnet P, Campbell P. Effects of family structure on mental health of children: a preliminary study. Indian J Psychol Med. 2017;39(4):457–63.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(10):652–66.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Perkins C, Lowey H. National household survey of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with resilience to health-harming behaviors in England. BMC Med. 2014;12:72.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Jones L, Baban A, Kachaeva M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and associations with health-harming behaviours in young adults: surveys in eight eastern European countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(9):641–55.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
DeRosse P, Nitzburg GC, Kompancaril B, Malhotra AK. The relation between childhood maltreatment and psychosis in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. Schizophr Res. 2014;155:66–71.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Hardcastle KA, Perkins C, Lowey H. Measuring mortality and the burden of adult disease associated with adverse childhood experiences in England: a national survey. J Public Health. 2015;37(3):445–54.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Larsson S, Andreassen OA, Aas M, Rossberg JI, Mork E, Steen NE, et al. High prevalence of childhood trauma in patients with schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(2):123–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Croft JB, Chapman DP, Perry GS, Greenlund KJ, Zhao G, et al. Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and unemployment among adults from five US states. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(3):357–69.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weber K, Rockstroh B, Borgelt J, Awiszus B, Popov T, Hoffmann K, et al. Stress load during childhood affects psychopathology in psychiatric patients. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8(1):63.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Negele A, Kaufhold J, Kallenbach L, Leuzinger-Bohleber M. Childhood trauma and its relation to chronic depression in adulthood. Depress Res Treat. 2015;2015:11.
Google Scholar
Xie P, Wu K, Zheng Y, Guo Y, Yang Y, He J, et al. Prevalence of childhood trauma and correlations between childhood trauma, suicidal ideation, and social support in patients with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in southern China. J Affect Disord. 2018;228:41–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reeder FD, Husain N, Rhouma A, Haddad PM, Munshi T, Naeem F, et al. The relationship between childhood trauma and adult psychosis in a UK early intervention service: results of a retrospective case note study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:269–73.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Duhig M, Patterson S, Connell M, Foley S, Capra C, Dark F, et al. The prevalence and correlates of childhood trauma in patients with early psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015;49(7):651–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aas M, Andreassen OA, Aminoff SR, Færden A, Romm KL, Nesvåg R, et al. A history of childhood trauma is associated with slower improvement rates: findings from a one-year follow-up study of patients with a first-episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:126.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Thompson AD, Nelson B, Yuen HP, Lin A, Amminger GP, McGorry PD, et al. Sexual trauma increases the risk of developing psychosis in an ultra high-risk “prodromal” population. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(3):697–706.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA. Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;112(5):330–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cutajar MC, Mullen PE, Ogloff JP, Thomas SD, Wells DL, Spataro J. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a cohort of sexually abused children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(11):1114–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ucok A, Bikmaz S. The effects of childhood trauma in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;116(5):371–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, Macdonald AM, Ribchester TR, Davies NJ, et al. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(2):162–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim JS, Lee SH. Influence of interactions between genes and childhood trauma on refractoriness in psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;70:162–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garno JL, Gunawardane N, Goldberg JF. Predictors of trait aggression in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):285–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes T, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, et al. Factors associated with suicide attempts in 648 patients with bipolar disorder in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(5):506–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garno JL, Goldberg JF, Ramirez PM, Ritzler BA. Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:121–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hyun M, Friedman SD, Dunner DL. Relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse to adult bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2(2):131–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Luby JL, Gaffrey MS, Tillman R, April LM, Belden AC. Trajectories of preschool disorders to full DSM depression at school age and early adolescence: continuity of preschool depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(7):768–76.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Etain B, Aas M, Andreassen OA, Lorentzen S, Dieset I, Gard S, et al. Childhood trauma is associated with severe clinical characteristics of bipolar disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):991–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huh HJ, Kim S-Y, Yu JJ, Chae J-H. Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal relationship problems in patients with depression and anxiety disorders. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2014;13(1):26.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu RT. Childhood adversities and depression in adulthood: current findings and future directions. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2017;24(2):140–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Mason O, Platts H, Tyson M. Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2005;78(4):549–64.
Article
Google Scholar
Davis JL, Petretic-Jackson PA, Ting L. Intimacy dysfunction and trauma symptomatology: long-term correlates of different types of child abuse. J Trauma Stress. 2001;14(1):63–79.
Article
Google Scholar
Ducharme J, Koverola C, Battle P. Intimacy development: the influence of abuse and gender. J Interpers Violence. 1997;12(4):590–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Huh HJ, Kim S-Y, Yu JJ, Chae J-H. Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal relationship problems in patients with depression and anxiety disorders. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2014;13:26.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg J, Hettema JM, Myers J, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(10):953–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weinberger MI, Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Heo M, Papademetriou E, Meyers BS. Predictors of major depression six months after admission for outpatient treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(10):1211–5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Teicher MH, Samson JA, Polcari A, Andersen SL. Length of time between onset of childhood sexual abuse and emergence of depression in a young adult sample. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(5):684–91.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wiersma JE, Hovens JG, van Oppen P, Giltay EJ, van Schaik DJ, Beekman AT, et al. The importance of childhood trauma and childhood life events for chronicity of depression in adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(7):983–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Withers AC, Tarasoff JM, Stewart JW. Is depression with atypical features associated with trauma history? J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(5):500–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singapore DoS. Populations trends 2018. Department of Statistics MoTI, Republic of Singapore; 2018. Report No. ISSN 2591-8028.
Tong CK, Elliott MJ, Tan MEHP. Public perceptions of child abuse and neglect in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Children’s Society; 2019.
Google Scholar
Chu CM, Thomas SDM, Ng VPY. Childhood abuse and delinquency: a descriptive study of institutionalized female youth in Singapore. Psychiatry Psychol Law. 2009;16(sup1):S64–73.
Article
Google Scholar
Tong CK, Elliott JM, Tan P. Public perceptions of child abuse and neglect in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Children’s Society; 1996.
Google Scholar
Back SE, Jackson JL, Fitzgerald M, Shaffer A, Salstrom S, Osman MM. Child sexual and physical abuse among college students in Singapore and the United States. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(11):1259–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Children And Young Persons Act (Chapter 38). Singapore statutes online PLUS; 1993.
Ng IYH. Youth Scope: youth participation in Singapore, Chap 2. In: Journal of youth research studies in Singapore; 2012, p. 18–22. Available from: http://www.youthpolicy.org/library/wp-content/uploads/library/Singapore_2012_Youth_Scope_Report_eng.pdf
Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jansen K, Cardoso TA, Fries GR, Branco JC, Silva RA, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, et al. Childhood trauma, family history, and their association with mood disorders in early adulthood. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;134(4):281–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karos K, Niederstrasser N, Abidi L, Bernstein DP, Bader K. Factor structure, reliability, and known groups validity of the German version of the childhood trauma questionnaire (short-form) in Swiss patients and nonpatients. J Child Sex Abuse. 2014;23(4):418–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim D, Bae H, Han C, Oh HY, Macdonald K. Psychometric properties of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF) in Korean patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;144(1–3):93–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garrusi B, Nakhaee N. Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Psychol Rep. 2009;104:509–16.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonoldi I, Simeone E, Rocchetti M, Codjoe L, Rossi G, Gambi F, et al. Prevalence of self-reported childhood abuse in psychosis: a meta-analysis of retrospective studies. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(1):8–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fisher HL, Jones PB, Fearon P, Craig TK, Dazzan P, Morgan K, et al. The varying impact of type, timing and frequency of exposure to childhood adversity on its association with adult psychotic disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(12):1967–78.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Church C, Andreassen OA, Lorentzen S, Melle I, Aas M. Childhood trauma and minimization/denial in people with and without a severe mental disorder. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1276.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alvarez M-J, Roura P, Osés A, Foguet-Boreu Q, Solà J, Arrufat F. Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. J Nerv Ment Disord. 2011;199:156–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Mills R, Scott J, Alati R, O’Callaghan M, Najman J, Strathearn L. Child maltreatment and adolescent mental health problems in a large birth cohort. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(5):292–302.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carr C, Martins C, Stingel A, Braga Lemgruber V, Juruena M. The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: a systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. J Nerv Ment Disord. 2013;201:1007–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Glaser D. The effects of child maltreatment on the developing brain. Med Leg J. 2014;82(3):97–111.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Molnar BE, Buka SL, Kessler RC. Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the national comorbidity survey. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(5):753–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rössler W, Ajdacic-Gross V, Haker H, Rodgers S, Müller M, Hengartner M. Subclinical psychosis syndromes in the general population: results from a large-scale epidemiological survey among residents of the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2015;24:69–77.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sahin S, Yuksel C, Guler J, Karadayi G, Akturan E, Gode E, et al. The history of childhood trauma among individuals with ultra high risk for psychosis is as common as among patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2013;7(4):414–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R, et al. Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British national survey of psychiatric morbidity. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:220–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Molnar BE, Berkman LF, Buka SL. Psychopathology, childhood sexual abuse and other childhood adversities: relative links to subsequent suicidal behaviour in the US. Psychol Med. 2001;31(6):965–77.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ren L, Pope Edwards C. Pathways of influence: Chinese parents’ expectations, parenting styles, and child social competence. Early Child Dev Care. 2015;185(4):614–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Institute FM. Cultural differences in parenting practices: what Asian American families can teach us. Frances McClelland Institute; 2010. Contract No. 1.
Ang R, Goh D. Authoritarian parenting style in Asian societies: a cluster-analytic investigation. Contemp Fam Ther. 2006;28(1):131–51.
Article
Google Scholar
Choi Y, Kim YS, Kim SY, Park IK. Is Asian American parenting controlling and harsh? Empirical testing of relationships between Korean American and Western parenting measures. Asian Am J Psychol. 2013;4(1):19–29.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xing X, Zhang H, Shao S, Wang M. Child negative emotionality and parental harsh discipline in Chinese preschoolers: the different mediating roles of maternal and paternal anxiety. Front Psychol. 2017;8:339.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang I-C, Guo L. Introduction to Asian culture(s) and globalization. Comp Lit Cult. 2013. https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.2231.
Article
Google Scholar
Mousavi SE, Low WY, Hashim AH. Perceived parenting styles and cultural influences in adolescent’s anxiety: a cross-cultural comparison. J Child Fam Stud. 2016;25(7):2102–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001349.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(1):49–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar