World Health Organization. Depression 30’, Fact Sheet, 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. Accessed 8 Jan 2020.
Fava M. Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(8):649–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00231-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frodl T. Recent advances in predicting responses to antidepressant treatment. F1000Res. 2017;6:F1000. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10300.1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shelton RC. What are the comparative benefits and harms of augmentation treatments in major depression? J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e531–3. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14com09586.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarris J, Murphy J, Mischoulon D, et al. Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):575–87. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarris J. Clinical use of nutraceuticals in the adjunctive treatment of depression in mood disorders. Australas Psychiatry. 2017;25(4):369–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856216689533.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schefft C, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S. Efficacy of adding nutritional supplements in unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27(11):1090–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.07.004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilson A. S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) for Depression in Adults. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2019;40(8):725–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1392161.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarris J, Murphy J, Stough C, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) monotherapy for depression: an 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. 2020;237(1):209–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05358-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharma A, Gerbarg P, Bottiglieri T, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for neuropsychiatric disorders: a clinician-oriented review of research. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(6):e656–67. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16r11113.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
De Berardis D, Orsolini L, Serroni N, et al. A comprehensive review on the efficacy of S-Adenosyl-l-methionine in major depressive disorder. CNS Neurol Disord: Drug Targets. 2016;15(1):35–44. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527314666150821103825.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gao J, Cahill CM, Huang X, et al. S-Adenosyl methionine and transmethylation pathways in neuropsychiatric diseases throughout life. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(1):156–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0593-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Karas Kuželički N. S-Adenosyl methionine in the therapy of depression and other psychiatric disorders. Drug Dev Res. 2016;77(7):346–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21345.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mischoulon D, Fava M. Role of S-Adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1158S–61S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76/5.1158S.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhatia P, Singh N. Homocysteine excess: delineating the possible mechanism of neurotoxicity and depression. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2015;29(6):522–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12145.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miller AL. The methylation, neurotransmitter, and antioxidant connections between folate and depression. Altern Med Rev. 2008;13(3):216–26.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mato JM, Alvarez L, Ortiz P, Pajares MA. S-Adenosylmethionine synthesis: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther. 1997;73(3):265–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00197-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ikegame T, Bundo M, Murata Y, Kasai K, Kato T, Iwamoto K. DNA methylation of the BDNF gene and its relevance to psychiatric disorders. J Hum Genet. 2013;58(7):434–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2013.65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Papakostas GI, Alpert JE, Fava M. S-adenosyl-methionine in depression: a comprehensive review of the literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2003;5(6):460–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-003-0085-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galizia I, Oldani L, Macritchie K, et al. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10(10):CD011286. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011286.pub2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spillmann M, Fava M. S-adenosyl-methionine (ademethionine) in psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs. 1996;6:416–25.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bressa GM. S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1994;154:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb05403.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bell KM, Plon L, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG. S-adenosylmethionine treatment of depression: a controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(9):1110–4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.9.1110.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agnoli A, Andreoli V, Casacchia M, Cerbo R. Effect of s-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) upon depressive symptoms. J Psychiatr Res. 1976;13(1):43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(76)90008-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Leo D. S-Adenosylmethionine as an antidepressant. A double-blind trial versus placebo. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1987. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16r11113.
Article
Google Scholar
Carney MW, Edeh J, Bottiglieri T, Reynolds EM, Toone BK. Affective illness and S-adenosyl methionine: a preliminary report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1986;9(4):379–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198608000-00005.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caruso I, et al. Treatment of depression in rheumatoid arthritic patients. A comparison of S-adenosylmethionine (Samyr*) and placebo in a double-blind study. Clin. Trials J. 1987. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-5-6.
Article
Google Scholar
Miccoli L, Porro V, Bertolino A. Comparison between the antidepressant activity and of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and that of some tricyclic drugs. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1978;33(3):243–55.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stramentinoli G. Pharmacologic aspects of S-adenosylmethionine. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Am J Med. 1987;83(5A):35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(87)90849-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sakurai H, Carpenter L, Tyrka A, et al. Dose increase of S-Adenosyl-Methionine and escitalopram in a randomized clinical trial for major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:118–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.040.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carney MW, Martin R, Bottiglieri T, et al. Switch mechanism in affective illness and S-adenosylmethionine. Lancet. 1983;1(8328):820–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91876-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carney MW, Chary TK, Bottiglieri T, Reynolds EH, Toone BK. Switch mechanism in affective illness and oral S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:724–5. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.5.724.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lipinski JF, Cohen BM, Frankenburg F, et al. Open trial of S-adenosylmethionine for treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141(3):448–50. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.3.448.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mischoulon D, Rapaport MH. Current role of herbal and natural preparations. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;250:225–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_152.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Stough C, et al. Nutraceuticals for major depressive disorder- more is not merrier: an 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:1007–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.092.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caruso I, Fumagalli M, Boccassini L, Sarzi Puttini P, Ciniselli G, Cavallari G. Antidepressant activity of S-adenosylmethionine. Lancet. 1984;1(8382):904. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91360-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kagan BL, Sultzer DL, Rosenlicht N, Gerner RH. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147(5):591–5. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.5.591.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berlanga C, Ortega-Soto HA, Ontiveros M, Senties H. Efficacy of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in speeding the onset of action of imipramine. Psychiatry Res. 1992;44(3):257–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(92)90029-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, Alpert JE, Fava M. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(8):942–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081198.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Delle Chiaie R, Pancheri P, Scapicchio P. Efficacy and tolerability of oral and intramuscular S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate (SAMe) in the treatment of major depression: comparison with imipramine in 2 multicenter studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1172S–6S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76/5.1172S.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mischoulon D, Price LH, Carpenter LL, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(4):370–6. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08591.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sarris J, Papakostas GI, Vitolo O, Fava M, Mischoulon D. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram and placebo in major depression RCT: efficacy and effects of histamine and carnitine as moderators of response. J Affect Disord. 2014;164:76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.041.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman C, et al. Adjunctive S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in treating non-remittent major depressive disorder: an 8-week double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28(10):1126–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.098.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1905–17. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Vuckovic A, Prosser E. Blood S-adenosyl-L-methionine levels in psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(2):229–31. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.2.229.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bottiglieri T, Hyland K. S-adenosylmethionine levels in psychiatric and neurological disorders: a review. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1994;154:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb05405.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marx W, Moseley G, Berk M, Jacka F. Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;76(4):427–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665117002026.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang R, Zheng Y, Huang JY, Zhang AQ, Zhou YH, Wang JN. Folate intake, serum folate levels, and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1326. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1326.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, Li D. Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261–74. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20140120.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tio M, Andrici J, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Folate intake and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2014;17(3):213–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2014.16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar